tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19936341504638679962024-03-15T20:11:05.256-05:00DIGGING THE PASTWesley Harrishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00409480903480788318noreply@blogger.comBlogger52125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1993634150463867996.post-1967303967745064742023-07-19T09:13:00.006-05:002023-07-19T09:16:08.143-05:00"Potlikker" fed the South's poor <p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</p><span style="font-family: trebuchet;"><b> </b></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-L9qdfByOHBIe4Xj34YYHKD6EBOi0pEfB5DSG2tA3FMqx6yhMMUCvjqyNaazz3D0G4Y8PLoyyebeHE2-dPbbgDM_dzJ1lboYgdmNfB2HvEqz8W-FfDokDTVga90M3BsIEa1DxROGQDej5zDOvscdguPok4ZHIh3Tpkw1hjJ5AOsTRnHoPD0HbF7Kggeg/s1175/potlikker.jpg" style="font-family: trebuchet; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="620" data-original-width="1175" height="223" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-L9qdfByOHBIe4Xj34YYHKD6EBOi0pEfB5DSG2tA3FMqx6yhMMUCvjqyNaazz3D0G4Y8PLoyyebeHE2-dPbbgDM_dzJ1lboYgdmNfB2HvEqz8W-FfDokDTVga90M3BsIEa1DxROGQDej5zDOvscdguPok4ZHIh3Tpkw1hjJ5AOsTRnHoPD0HbF7Kggeg/w422-h223/potlikker.jpg" width="422" /></a><span style="font-family: trebuchet;"><br /></span></div><span style="font-family: trebuchet;"><br /></span>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Potlikker, a countryfied sobriquet for pot liquor, is the
delicate, savory juice left in the bottom of the pot after cooking certain
vegetables. It’s the liquid Huey Long said could feed a hungry nation.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">The importance of potlikker in feeding the hungry South
from pioneer days through the Great Depression and beyond has been commemorated
with a new historic marker in Haynesville, Louisiana.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">The Claiborne Parish Library obtained a grant from the
William G. Pomeroy Foundation’s “Hungry for History” program. The Pomeroy
grants recognize foods of regional importance. A marker celebrating the value
of potlikker was erected at the future Haynesville branch of the parish library
on U.S. 79 early in 2023. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">For those who have no knowledge of potlikker (or pot liquor
or pot likker), it is the liquid left behind after cooking greens like
collards, mustard, and turnip greens or beans. Seasoned properly, a delicious
liquid is created suitable for sopping your cornbread in.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">According to popular folklore, eating certain foods on New
Year's Day guarantees good luck throughout the year. And when you think about
it, they all revolve around potlikker.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Peas and beans symbolize coins or wealth. Southerners
choose the traditional black-eyed peas seasoned with pork, but lentils or beans
work, too. While not as delicate as potlikker from greens, the liquid from the
peas is still great with cornbread. When you eat peas, you don’t dish them onto
a plate with a slotted spoon. A solid spoon allows for get plenty of potlikker on
the plate to sop up with the cornbread.</span></p><a name='more'></a>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Greens at New Year’s represents cash money. Green, leafy
vegetables ensure financial fortunes for the coming year. Southern favorites
include turnip greens, mustard, collards or boiled cabbage. Whatever green is
chosen, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>chunks of pork and the right
combination of salt and pepper are added to achieve proper potlikker. Potlikker
without pork is not as tasty.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Cornbread might symbolize gold with corn kernels representing
coins. Cornbread provides an essential complement to black-eyed peas and
greens, so incorporating all three into your first New Year’s meal can triple
your luck. And whether you are a “dunker” or a “crumbler,” cornbread is the
preferred medium for transferring potlikker to the mouth.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">In his 1933 autobiography, <i>Every Man a King</i>, Louisiana
Governor Huey Long defined “potlikker.” As a U.S. Senator, Long described
potlikker during a lengthy filibuster speech. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">He called potlikker “the juice that remains in a pot after
greens or other vegetables are boiled with proper seasoning. The best seasoning
is a piece of salt fat pork, commonly referred to as ‘dry salt meat’ or ‘side
meat.’ If a pot be partly filled with well-cleaned turnip greens and turnips
(which should be cut up), with a half-pound piece of the salt pork and then
with water and boiled until the greens and turnips are cooked reasonably
tender, then the juice remaining in the pot is the delicious, invigorating,
soul-and-body sustaining potlikker ... which should be taken as any other soup
and the greens eaten as any other food.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">“Corn pone is made simply of meal, mixed with a little salt
and water, made into a pattie and baked until it is hard. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">“It has always been the custom to eat corn pone with
potlikker. Most people crumble the corn pone into the potlikker. The blend is
an even tasting food. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">“But, with the progress of education, the coming of ‘style,’
and the change of the times, I concluded that refinement necessitated that corn
pone be “dunked” in the potlikker, rather than crumbled in the old-fashioned
way. So I suggested that those sipping of potlikker should hold the corn pone
in the left hand and the spoon in the right, sip of the soup one time, then dip
the corn pone in the potlikker and bite the end of the bread. My experience
showed this to be an improvement over the crumbling.”</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Long advocated for vegetable gardens in the rural South and
the consumption of potlikker to improve health. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Slaves knew the benefits of potlikker long before Huey Long
touted its value on the floor of the U.S. Senate. In narratives collected
during the Great Depression by writers employed by the Works Progress Administration,
former slaves explained how potlikker sustained their families as a supplement
to their meager diets. When greens or beans were cooked for the masters, the vitamin-packed
juices were saved for the enslaved children.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Food writer John T. Edge, who wrote his graduate school
thesis on potlikker, explains the broth “is more than the sum of the juices at
the bottom of a pot of greens. It may be one of the more plebeian of Southern
culinary creations, but never let it be said that potlikker is without import.
Enshrined early in the pantheon of Southern folk belief, potlikker was
prescribed by doctors and conjurers alike for ailments as varied as the croup
and colic, rabies and fatigue. Though claims of its curative qualities may be
farfetched, potlikker is indeed packed with nutrients, for, during the cooking
process, vitamins and minerals leech out of the greens, leaving the collards,
turnips, or mustards comparatively bereft of nutrients while the vitamins A, B,
and C as well as potassium suffuse the potlikker.” </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtR0BS5tIIF07xPfCB62HCY3yJLYiprCvwovdChGq70wt2ZzLM1X2WK8TyuqLrI0tBXf9HFWevvqPzKvSsl4Hc05fMSRAurwCvmu0g3EiTATMugolgw2q2Vyfff3sAXYVG9zE6jDknKpxHmZRQd_Cg6QsbAvP_WV4NcMjNc-B7jxzcY9LZ-4HqoorNkts/s2016/IMG_6110.jpg" style="font-family: trebuchet; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1512" data-original-width="2016" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtR0BS5tIIF07xPfCB62HCY3yJLYiprCvwovdChGq70wt2ZzLM1X2WK8TyuqLrI0tBXf9HFWevvqPzKvSsl4Hc05fMSRAurwCvmu0g3EiTATMugolgw2q2Vyfff3sAXYVG9zE6jDknKpxHmZRQd_Cg6QsbAvP_WV4NcMjNc-B7jxzcY9LZ-4HqoorNkts/s320/IMG_6110.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">The Haynesville marker was paid for completely by the
Pomeroy Foundation. Research into the history of potlikker in the region was
conducted by historian Wesley Harris at the library.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Potlikker is a Southern delicacy with a rich history and
the marker will help share that history. Information on the marker and other
Claiborne Parish markers can be viewed at hmdb.com.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: trebuchet;"> </span></p>Wesley Harrishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00409480903480788318noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1993634150463867996.post-49385191834400038942023-07-19T09:03:00.004-05:002023-07-19T09:07:56.470-05:00"The Roundup" details use of military against Southern opposition<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdTEGU2vC90fFcCZepI3lWJ6H5DJEIUiGohzfCiJw7n2qb-GiMFAXLG5PDMi3IOuXqG3f3ohJ5omijT0MSrZvpfzSyeNtqo-U5ylOCQbG1DXQCDeuqYEQldw9eCWiG9uswZwVFCdfRylBeYvCqINEAoF196GS3DC5E4vasUCEN0qeFzz9lC_ZPK5aj7tA/s2551/roundup-front-final.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2551" data-original-width="1651" height="387" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdTEGU2vC90fFcCZepI3lWJ6H5DJEIUiGohzfCiJw7n2qb-GiMFAXLG5PDMi3IOuXqG3f3ohJ5omijT0MSrZvpfzSyeNtqo-U5ylOCQbG1DXQCDeuqYEQldw9eCWiG9uswZwVFCdfRylBeYvCqINEAoF196GS3DC5E4vasUCEN0qeFzz9lC_ZPK5aj7tA/w250-h387/roundup-front-final.jpg" width="250" /></a></div><p></p><p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: medium; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In the early 1870s, U.S. Army units moved into
seven former Confederate states to support United States marshals in the
difficult days of Reconstruction as Southern Democrats and Radical Republicans
struggled for political control.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>North
central Louisiana saw more violence and bloodshed in the ten years after the
Civil War than during in the conflict itself. Lynchings of freed blacks and
white criminals, the assassination of Republican officeholders, and a host of
brutal crimes rocked the countryside.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: medium; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: medium;">In 1874, a deputy U. S. marshal, accompanied
by elements of the Seventh U.S. Cavalry, conducted a roundup of prominent
citizens in Claiborne and Lincoln Parishes in north Louisiana. The men arrested were accused of
violating the federal Enforcement Acts by intimidating freedmen and terrorizing
Republican officeholders. But was the incident a simple execution of the law or
a more sinister political plot? The meticulous research detailed here reveals
the truth.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: medium;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: medium;">Available from amazon.com or by sending $15 check or money order to W. Harris, Box 30, Ruston, LA 71273. <br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet;"> </span></p>
Wesley Harrishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00409480903480788318noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1993634150463867996.post-15347015557589294232021-11-21T20:19:00.002-06:002021-11-21T20:20:41.427-06:00Shotgun Wedding in Reverse<p> <span face=""Trebuchet MS", sans-serif"> </span><span face=""Trebuchet MS", sans-serif">The traditional shotgun wedding, replete
with gun-toting relatives, is a common premise of comedies set in hillbilly
country. Any big-city fellers who wander into such areas had best be discreet
about interacting with local womenfolk, lest they find themselves forced—at the
point of a gun—to stay a lot longer than they had intended. </span><span face=""Trebuchet MS", sans-serif"> </span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUUhnDN3CP3JX6KC06IETA_AbdvqCdBBFwYwWl7Vq_UBHfzRZu1kp_jQf-ch02uXR9RGmyEmDoemyFg71SSRcTsheNqDSgiuIVJpKnqA0rpbxEViRmszVpQJGdOksryX3PtFDp6fWam6w/s259/wedding.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="194" data-original-width="259" height="194" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUUhnDN3CP3JX6KC06IETA_AbdvqCdBBFwYwWl7Vq_UBHfzRZu1kp_jQf-ch02uXR9RGmyEmDoemyFg71SSRcTsheNqDSgiuIVJpKnqA0rpbxEViRmszVpQJGdOksryX3PtFDp6fWam6w/s0/wedding.png" width="259" /></a></div><br /><span face=""Trebuchet MS", sans-serif"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But what if the shotgun-armed relatives show
up after the wedding? And the news of the family bruhaha is transmitted to
newspapers halfway around the globe?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sarah Wafer was born into a large and
well-known family with extensive land holdings in southeast Claiborne Parish.
At sixteen, she was attending school in Terryville, also known as Quay, then in
Claiborne but later annexed as part of Lincoln Parish.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In the fall of 1855, a Dr. Clement and 16-year-old
Sarah, “an orphan heiress of a wealthy Louisiana planter,” eloped from
Claiborne Parish. The couple journeyed to Arkansas “with utmost dispatch” where
a quick marriage ceremony was performed.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The account of what happened next was
detailed in Homer’s <i>Claiborne Advocate.</i><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>On the return trip to Claiborne Parish, Dr.
and Mrs. Clement were met by the bride’s brother, James T. Wafer, who forcibly
took possession of his sister. Mabry Wafer, Sarah’s father, had died two years
earlier, so James had become Sarah’s guardian. Dr. Clement was removed from his
seat beside his tearful bride. After some discussion, the groom was allowed to
accompany his wife to Wafer’s home.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>After a short time, Wafer permitted the
couple to leave. The newlyweds went to the doctor’s house in Arcadia. There
they resided “in the comfortable enjoyment of about one half of their
honeymoon” when Sarah was summoned to the bedside of a sick sister at her
brother’s residence.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Apparently, the summons was a ruse to
separate Sarah from Clement. While at James’s home, Sarah was presented with a
letter written by her brother-in-law, the sister’s husband. The letter accused
Dr. Clement of “having basely imposed upon and deceived her and that he was a
coward for allowing himself to be chastised by her brother. Even worse, the
letter said Clement was “old, ugly, and no physician,” that Sarah did not love
him and never did, and that she could never consent again to live with him.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sarah signed the letter.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Wafers loaded Sarah in a wagon and
carried her to the home of another sister, Mary, who lived with her husband
John Wyatt Simmons on the Red River in Bossier Parish.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dr. Clement followed in pursuit with fifteen
to eighteen armed Arcadia friends. Reaching the Red River home, they demanded
Sarah Clement. To avert bloodshed, Sarah consented to go with Clement but only
on the condition she be taken to her uncle, Claiborne Parish resident Reverend
James T. Wafer. The parties agreed Sarah would remain unmolested at Rev.
Wafer’s for two days. Then she would announce her decision on returning to
Arcadia with Clement.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Skeptical the agreement would hold, brother James
Wafer raised a group of armed men to accompany him to his uncle’s to retrieve
his sister. The house was heavily guarded, however, and the sound of the
cocking of several shotguns by Clement and his friends caused the party to
retreat.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>James went to Homer to swear out a
complaint. Claiborne Deputy Sheriff Gentry Warren summoned a posse of about
twenty armed men to go with him in the middle of the night to Rev. Wafer’s house
in the Arizona community to arrest Dr. Clement and his party for “forcible
abduction and imprisonment of the fair heroine.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Warren and the posse narrowly escaped meeting
gunfire when they approached the house. Had they not quickly announced
themselves as the law, a bloody fight would have ensued. Instead, Clement and
his friends submitted to arrest. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The entire party arrived at Homer about 9:00
a.m. the next morning—the posse riding in carrying their shotguns intermingled
with the prisoners and Clement and Sarah seated side by side in a buggy.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In the commotion of sixty riders on the
street, one of the posse members accidentally discharged his shotgun. The
charge passed through the window of J. M. Thomason’s office, inflicting a nasty
but survivable wound on the Homer attorney.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>James Wafer signed an affidavit for a writ
of <i>habeas corpus</i>, which was issued by District Court Judge Harmon A.
Drew. The writ commanded Clement to produce Sarah and show cause why he
deprived her of her rights and liberties. Clement did not answer the writ
immediately and was also arrested for contempt of court. The next day, Drew held
the <i>habeas corpus</i> and contempt hearings and dismissed both.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Two days later, those arrested for the
alleged abduction and imprisonment of Mrs. Clement appeared before Justice
_________ Millican. Clement was tried first. One of the witnesses was Mary
Wafer Simmons, Sarah’s older sister. Mary testified Sarah had been engaged to
her brother-in-law, Sidney Simmons, before her elopement with Dr. Clement. Mary
said Sarah had received a letter purporting to be from Sidney in which he chastised
her for her dalliances and was finished with her. Based on the letter, Sarah,
or Sallie as Mary called her, hastened into an elopement with Clement, who she
did not love, and after the marriage, learned to hate. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The letter was a forgery.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The case against Clement was dismissed and
the prosecution declined to pursue Clement’s “accomplices.” <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>While the trials were underway, Sarah was
“spirited away to parts unknown.” The <i>Claiborne Advocate </i>reported, “the
general opinion is that she has been transported to Arkansas, where she is
protected or guarded by forty double barreled shotguns and a howitzer!” <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Adding insult to injury for the parties
involved, the article from the <i>Advocate</i> was published across the
country, including papers in Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Vermont, New York, North
Carolina, and even in England and Scotland.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Surely the saga does not end there, but the
newspapers are silent on the rest of Sarah Wafer’s life. Family genealogy
records are confusing, but census records and other government documents seem
to sort out her fate.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mary died soon after the trial and Sarah
married the widower, her brother-in-law John Wyatt Simmons. What happened to beau
Sidney and husband Dr. Clement so far has eluded us.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sarah and John Simmons moved to Texas where
they farmed and ranched in Rains County near other members of the Wafer clan.
They raised numerous children, including one named Mabry after her father. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>While Sarah’s love life got off to a rocky
start, she finally found a relationship that worked, experiencing a marriage of
at least 40 years. Sarah died in 1905 and John followed in 1917.<o:p></o:p></span></p>Wesley Harrishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00409480903480788318noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1993634150463867996.post-85616236859456052222021-09-15T14:02:00.005-05:002021-09-15T14:03:32.358-05:00Wash Day<div dir="auto"><div class="ecm0bbzt hv4rvrfc ihqw7lf3 dati1w0a" data-ad-comet-preview="message" data-ad-preview="message" id="jsc_c_pt"><div class="j83agx80 cbu4d94t ew0dbk1b irj2b8pg"><div class="qzhwtbm6 knvmm38d"><span style="font-family: trebuchet;"><span class="d2edcug0 hpfvmrgz qv66sw1b c1et5uql lr9zc1uh a8c37x1j keod5gw0 nxhoafnm aigsh9s9 d3f4x2em fe6kdd0r mau55g9w c8b282yb iv3no6db jq4qci2q a3bd9o3v b1v8xokw oo9gr5id hzawbc8m" dir="auto"><div class="kvgmc6g5 cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q"><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;"> <br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPk4Pt6ous9EKUXocR8odGGH4SlUCNibDIaLM0rwEOaPtYmJpV1iTJg9pwkExeHYYftNW5Td_bq4_uuFXL3B0_DyjjErYaoTZqUx52W3tlQ6bcivJXOggeSXmJkodrfgxFB9cWEJ4FA7Y/s720/Soap_making_1884.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="460" data-original-width="720" height="204" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPk4Pt6ous9EKUXocR8odGGH4SlUCNibDIaLM0rwEOaPtYmJpV1iTJg9pwkExeHYYftNW5Td_bq4_uuFXL3B0_DyjjErYaoTZqUx52W3tlQ6bcivJXOggeSXmJkodrfgxFB9cWEJ4FA7Y/s320/Soap_making_1884.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;"><span style="font-size: medium;">You may appreciate your washer, dryer, and Tide soap pods more after reading this excerpt from the memoirs of Willie Lee Pace Dillon. Born in 1885, the fourth of twelve children of William and Rebecca Pace, she wrote this recollection of 1890s clothes washing in 1956. </span></div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></div></div><div class="o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q"><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;"><span style="font-size: medium;">“Lye soap was usually made in the winter and late spring when good oak or hickory wood ashes from the fireplace were plentiful, as well as surplus hog grease and bones. An ash hopper was constructed by placing split boards on a plank fence two feet from the ground, slanting downward and resting on a brace, then setting a bottomless barrel onto the boards. This was filled with ashes and clear water was poured into a basin-like hole at the top in the ashes. The water passed through the ashes, separating the invisible lye which would drain into a vessel at the bottom of the hopper. Usually I was the one assigned the duty of pouring on the water and emptying the dripped lye into the large pot for making the soap. By mixing and heating the lye and greases a cheap, good laundry soap would be made. The soap was dipped from the pot while it was hot and poured into a non-leaking barrel to be used as needed after it cooled.</span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBEqFFg7prkFB12Q7oP7VSx1_QX9BYF66Z9NqxxNaJ1GMZtk08g16e6ysCiYmiRTAm6dN3_OXkdMh7zDR18Wlk0MWxtQQEt_VU-mfkUwDl28C3l60ZpGBYQrFwsZpk4XXMWdcXjn5VOVg/s736/pioneer-soap-pinterest.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="557" data-original-width="736" height="242" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBEqFFg7prkFB12Q7oP7VSx1_QX9BYF66Z9NqxxNaJ1GMZtk08g16e6ysCiYmiRTAm6dN3_OXkdMh7zDR18Wlk0MWxtQQEt_VU-mfkUwDl28C3l60ZpGBYQrFwsZpk4XXMWdcXjn5VOVg/s320/pioneer-soap-pinterest.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div></div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></div></div><div class="o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q"><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;"><span style="font-size: medium;">“Buttons could easily be broken in the family wash, as we were then using a 'battling block and stick' to remove excess dirt before boiling the clothes in a large outdoor three-legged black wash pot with fire underneath. The 'battling block' was a large, sawed tree block standing upright near the tubs. Well-soaped wet garments were placed on it one at a time and "battled" with a paddle-like stock, forcing out the dirt and spattering the 'battler' with dirty water. Usually I was the battler while my two sisters tended the tub and pot.</span></div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></div></div><div class="o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q"><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;"><span style="font-size: medium;">“I also tended the pot fire. The clothes were boiled in the pot and required frequent punching down with a stick. Then they were lifted into a tub full of clean water and rinsed through two other large wooden tubs of water before hanging them on the wire line and backyard fences. We used our first rub-board [washboard] in the early 1890's.”</span></div></div></span></span></div></div></div></div><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglDE0IKN_cqAaj5OPG405A403AGglJV62Ldx0CQXMaTp78BQ4Wo2CGtp6ZmZmccmjS5a7nwISO2sejGrQQanaSYBT4XV4N3ePqs7B3gP-dyf8IIzNBQnCHDNp2VM7pYEx-ayThnFHo3BQ/s400/wooden-washtubs.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="306" data-original-width="400" height="245" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglDE0IKN_cqAaj5OPG405A403AGglJV62Ldx0CQXMaTp78BQ4Wo2CGtp6ZmZmccmjS5a7nwISO2sejGrQQanaSYBT4XV4N3ePqs7B3gP-dyf8IIzNBQnCHDNp2VM7pYEx-ayThnFHo3BQ/s320/wooden-washtubs.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></span></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet;"> </span></span><p></p>Wesley Harrishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00409480903480788318noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1993634150463867996.post-33964092086397131152021-02-05T13:22:00.003-06:002021-02-05T13:28:39.790-06:00Coupons and Coffee Stretcher<i> World War II rationing changed how Americans lived and ate</i> <div><br /></div><div>My grandmother never threw away anything. Not that she was a hoarder. She kept a
simple, clean home without trails meandering through mountains of newspapers,
mystery boxes, and other paraphernalia typically associated with a hoarder. No,
she never discarded anything because she had so little and what she had might be
needed again. Bacon grease was saved for frying. Potted plants received coffee
grounds as fertilizer. She made her own quilts from scraps of cloth, cooked
everything from scratch, and maintained her own milk cow and chickens until she
could no longer care for them. </div><div><br /></div><div>If I held the refrigerator door open too long,
she reminded me the escaping cool air cost her money. I didn’t dare leave on a
light as I left a room. She bought cattle feed in colorful cloth sacks that
served as material to make dresses. </div><div><br /></div><div>Grandmother was the most frugal person I’ve
ever known. </div><div><br /></div><div>So I was not surprised while cleaning out her house after her death
in 1982, we discovered her World War II ration book. I don't know if Grandmother
assumed rationing would return and she would need ration coupons again or if she
kept the book as a memento of those hard times.
<div class="separator" style="clear: both;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQ1BwPp7wD4ZSOhBXNLgAcCdVRk6lY8eFZfVjbYgjS_kg2iyeiWn4-_R2DxWpjXLk6xDfQsW9OtUwYJ9maR8FqLZ82LpVRcIDQxvDlzE8aR1FgazAaHdcz9Ekmpi0EC294Wvc6Ksq8PLA/s625/Ration+BOOK.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="471" data-original-width="625" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQ1BwPp7wD4ZSOhBXNLgAcCdVRk6lY8eFZfVjbYgjS_kg2iyeiWn4-_R2DxWpjXLk6xDfQsW9OtUwYJ9maR8FqLZ82LpVRcIDQxvDlzE8aR1FgazAaHdcz9Ekmpi0EC294Wvc6Ksq8PLA/s320/Ration+BOOK.jpg" width="320" /></a>
</div>
As I examined the ration book, I could not help but think about her difficult
life through the Great Depression and World War II. When America entered the war
in 1941, Grandmother was raising my mother and my two uncles, the three ranging
in age from four to eight. Rationing only exacerbated a trying family situation.
Frugality was a product of necessity through much of her life. </div><div><br /></div><div>WWII caused
shortages of manufactured materials, including metal, rubber, and clothing. But
food shortages affected everyone. With markets around the world inaccessible,
imported foods like coffee and sugar were unavailable in quantity. Much of the
processed and canned food was reserved for shipping overseas to the military and
our allies. Food transportation across America was limited by gasoline and tire
rationing and the priority of transporting soldiers and war supplies. </div><div><br /></div><div>Because of
these shortages, the federal Office of Price Administration established a
rationing system to manage the distribution of foods in short supply. The OPA
established 8,000 ration boards across the country to administer the program.
Every American received a series of ration books containing coupons necessary
for buying rationed items like sugar, meat, canned goods, and cooking oil. When
new ration books were available, Claiborne Parish residents picked them up at
distribution points set up in Homer, Haynesville, and other communities. </div><div><br /></div><div>A
rationed item could not be obtained without giving the retailer the appropriate
ration stamp. Once a person depleted the ration stamps for a specific item for
the month, no more could be purchased. Meals were planned with care, utilizing
creative menus, and avoiding waste. </div><div><br /></div><div>Citizens found innovative ways to compensate
for the shortages. When a car owner could not obtain a new tire, one might be
fabricated from wood. People were encouraged to grow “Victory Gardens” in their
backyards to supplement the food supply and contribute to the war effort. Some
items like nylon hose were difficult to come by. In January 1943, Gibson’s
Quality Merchandise of Homer, Louisiana advertised it would
have 42 pair of nylon hose for sale in February. Customers were advised to sign
up quickly to reserve a pair. </div><div><br /></div><div>Coffee rationing began in November 1942 with every
person over 15 allowed one pound every five weeks. One news report revealed,
“One pound every five weeks will be allowed for every person…This works out to
slightly more than one cup a day, and in households where children 15 or older
do not drink coffee, the grownups can have the children’s share as well as their
own.” </div><div><br /></div><div>“Coffee stretchers,” concoctions added to coffee to make it go further,
ranged from pure chicory to a cereal blend containing chick peas, barley and
malt. While some were homemade using acorns or grains, commercially-prepared
substitutes like Postum—a wheat, bran, and molasses blend—and Happy Jack were
available. </div><div><br /></div><div>Americans supported the war effort and endured the shortages but
coffee rationing was very unpopular. On July 28, 1943, President Roosevelt
announced it was ending, the first of the rationed items to come off the
rationing list. Most wartime food rationing ended in November 1945. </div><div><br /></div><div>Holidays
like Thanksgiving were quite different on the home front during wartime. The
traditional turkey centerpiece was but impossible to acquire. Even Thanksgiving
football was suspended. The Detroit Lions, who have hosted an annual
Thanksgiving game since 1934, put the tradition on hold between 1939 and 1944. </div><div><br /></div><div>The privations and inconveniences endured by those back home hardly compared to
those in the service overseas or the suffering and starvation experienced in
war-torn countries. Those years, however, influenced how the people who
struggled through them would live the rest of their lives.
</div>Wesley Harrishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00409480903480788318noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1993634150463867996.post-70650745295274467842021-02-05T12:36:00.003-06:002021-02-05T12:39:54.362-06:00"Dead" Son Comes Home Alive<p><i><span style="font-family: trebuchet;"> May I ask that you "follow" this blog? By clicking the button in the left column, you will receive an email when I post a new article. Share with your friends. </span></i></p><p><span style="font-family: trebuchet;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Teenagers
aggravate their parents in many ways, but a 16-year-old Haynesville, Louisiana youth went
above and beyond in driving his to hysterics, and later, apoplexy.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>One evening
in early 1922, Marlin Mathis failed to return home. The news accounts do not
explain if he ran away, lost himself in the wilds of Corney Bayou, or simply
hid himself away to avoid punishment for some misdeed. At any rate, after a few
days his parents concluded tragedy had struck the teenager. His father, a
Haynesville contractor, and his mother agonized over their missing son. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A few days
after Marlin’s disappearance, his parents saw news reports from Amarillo, Texas
about a youth about the same age who had been killed in a railroad accident.
Details are vague, but the young man was probably “trainhopping,” jumping on or
off of a moving freight train, a common practice of transients and runaways
moving across the country.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigRu-pBe8n5n_TLGPkOA-8YvJAPOxMIjtAe4WnFIvQ0-r4QelUGPvLYgD5acTRg6nde9K0czX_2lAKRaFPO-VrupLgLPLMsNek-vAr6xJkK7_GiU_4zPgKU9jdyL3JZwAfuAWXMOoJN_4/s1074/Trainhopping+was+a+common+but+illicit+form+of+transportation+in+the+early+20th+century..jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1074" data-original-width="1024" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigRu-pBe8n5n_TLGPkOA-8YvJAPOxMIjtAe4WnFIvQ0-r4QelUGPvLYgD5acTRg6nde9K0czX_2lAKRaFPO-VrupLgLPLMsNek-vAr6xJkK7_GiU_4zPgKU9jdyL3JZwAfuAWXMOoJN_4/s320/Trainhopping+was+a+common+but+illicit+form+of+transportation+in+the+early+20th+century..jpg" /></span></a></div><span style="font-family: trebuchet;"><br /><span><br /></span></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Fearing the
worst, they telegraphed for details. A description of the body matched the
missing son. The parents were told one of the last statements the boy made was
that his father was a contractor. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mr. and Mrs.
Mathis left at once on the train, sure they were going to bring the body of
their son home. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The hours
creeped by as the train rumbled across the wide Texas expanse, adding to their anguish.
Once in Amarillo, they viewed the body and identified it as their son by “a
slight twist to the left in the nose and a mole on the left breast.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The body was
prepared for shipment to Haynesville and just before the parents were to leave
for the train, they received a message that Marlin was at home, “very much
alive and in his usual good health.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Certainly the
Mathis family was relieved, but grief likely turned to anger at the distress
and embarrassment young Marlin had created. The ignominy of the matter was furthered
when the Associated Press picked up the story, distributing it to hundreds of
newspapers across America. The story of the “dead” boy returning home appeared
in papers in scores of small towns and large cities.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet;"> We can only
speculate on Marlin’s fate when Daddy Mathis returned home from Texas.</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>Wesley Harrishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00409480903480788318noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1993634150463867996.post-82426226859210297112020-07-24T09:18:00.004-05:002021-02-05T13:30:21.964-06:001932: Fists Fly on Homer Square<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet;">By Wesley
Harris</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span face="Trebuchet MS, sans-serif" style="font-family: trebuchet;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: trebuchet;"><span face="Trebuchet MS, sans-serif"> </span><span face=""Trebuchet MS", sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><span face="Trebuchet MS, sans-serif" style="font-family: trebuchet;">When Huey Long was elected to the United State Senate in
1930, he was reluctant to give up control of his post as Louisiana’s governor.
He refused to permit Lieutenant Governor Paul Cyr to move up and assume the
office. Instead, he delayed officially taking his Senate seat until closer to
election time, and, for a time, he seemed to hold both offices. Cyr eventually
lost a court battle and his position as lieutenant governor.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><span face="Trebuchet MS, sans-serif" style="font-family: trebuchet;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: trebuchet;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><span face="Trebuchet MS, sans-serif">When Long did leave the governorship, he intended to
maintain complete control of the office of Louisiana’s chief executive. His
plan was to ensure one of his puppets took the office. </span></span><span face=""Trebuchet MS", sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt;">O.K. Allen was Long's floor leader in the Louisiana Senate and
Long placed his support behind the man he could control in the governor’s
office.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><span face="Trebuchet MS, sans-serif" style="font-family: trebuchet;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><span face="Trebuchet MS, sans-serif" style="font-family: trebuchet;">Nicknamed the Kingfish after a stereotypical,
smooth-talking conman in the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Amos and
Andy</i> radio show, Long was either loved or roundly hated by Louisianans. No
middle ground existed. When he went out in public, citizens wanted to hug him
or hit him. As many as six or seven bodyguards in plainclothes, often backed up
by more visible uniformed National Guardsmen, went everywhere with Long.</span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span face="Trebuchet MS, sans-serif" style="font-family: trebuchet;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnl_Mct2zdTrqUBqku7oKQXHV5kwZiWuQsC5raou64T0bm0WkJzdpoQZI9Ai9TS0Y0hCVrNSHeVswlKKb_U8GFaR7VRSrkYQCRQBZIVy5J1Ydep8ZBPNLzA_ATiyF9tVex8HT0daAM6rA/s1600/1513557424_hpl_guards2_lg.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="450" data-original-width="600" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnl_Mct2zdTrqUBqku7oKQXHV5kwZiWuQsC5raou64T0bm0WkJzdpoQZI9Ai9TS0Y0hCVrNSHeVswlKKb_U8GFaR7VRSrkYQCRQBZIVy5J1Ydep8ZBPNLzA_ATiyF9tVex8HT0daAM6rA/s320/1513557424_hpl_guards2_lg.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div>
<span style="font-family: trebuchet;"><span face="Trebuchet MS, sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
</span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><span face="Trebuchet MS, sans-serif" style="font-family: trebuchet;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><span face="Trebuchet MS, sans-serif" style="font-family: trebuchet;">In his book, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Louisiana
Hayride,</i> Harnett Kane described the tactics used by the bodyguards. “The
protection men snarled at luckless Louisianans who got in Huey’s way, and used
their fists sometimes if the path was not cleared quickly enough. As to
reporters and photographers, Huey told his men to ‘let go.’ That order meant
sluggings from </span></span></div>
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: trebuchet;"><span face="Trebuchet MS, sans-serif">behind, breaking of cameras, forced ejections of newsmen from
the Governor's vicinity.” Newspapers used the term “henchmen” liberally to
describe Long’s bodyguards.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><span face="Trebuchet MS, sans-serif" style="font-family: trebuchet;">Long and Allen appeared together at numerous rallies around
the state preceding the 1932 gubernatorial election. On January 2, a rally was
held on the Claiborne Parish courthouse square touting Allen for governor. As
usual, Long was accompanied by a host of bodyguards. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><span face="Trebuchet MS, sans-serif" style="font-family: trebuchet;">Long and Allen spoke to the crowd, as well as John Overton,
U.S. Congressman, and John B. Fournet, candidate for lieutenant governor. Huey
Long was supporting Fournet, Louisiana House Speaker, over his own brother Earl
K. Long. Traveling with the Long-Allen party was Marshall [Martial] Voitier,
25, younger brother of Paul “Polo” Voitier, one of Huey’s bodyguards.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><span face="Trebuchet MS, sans-serif" style="font-family: trebuchet;">A well-known Homer citizen, Herbert S. Ford, knew the
opposing candidate, Dudley J. LeBlanc. Ford was a businessman who had served as
an infantry captain during World War I and former commander of the Homer American
Legion post. He had served with LeBlanc in the Army and was actively
campaigning for his friend. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><span face="Trebuchet MS, sans-serif" style="font-family: trebuchet;">Ford was placing LeBlanc literature in cars parked about
the courthouse square as O.K. Allen spoke. Ford had just handed a LeBlanc flier
to E. W. Thomson who was seated in a car when Martial Voitier approached,
attempted to snatch the papers, and then slugged Ford in the face. Ford went
down, grabbing the man’s legs. While down, three other men kicked Ford and hit
him in the face and head. Ford’s glasses were broken and his face cut in four
or five places.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><span face="Trebuchet MS, sans-serif" style="font-family: trebuchet;">Town Marshals Jack Baird and C.A. Gandy ran up to break up
the melee. Ford yelled he wasn’t going to release the man’s legs until an
officer arrived. When Baird identified himself, Ford let go and Voitier was
detained.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Several witnesses told Baird
that Voitier and others had attacked Ford, knocked him down, and jumped on him.
Voitier was arrested for disturbing the peace by fighting in the street. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><span face="Trebuchet MS, sans-serif" style="font-family: trebuchet;">Mayor Lamont Seals set bail at $50, which was guaranteed by
a personal check from assistant superintendent of the Louisiana Highway Patrol,
Louis A. Jones, who was apparently traveling with Long and Allen. Voitier would
have to return to Homer for trial in mayor’s court at a date to be determined.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><span face="Trebuchet MS, sans-serif" style="font-family: trebuchet;">Ford swore out an arrest warrant for Voitier before Justice
of the Peace D.W. Knighten charging Voitier with assault and battery. Bail was
set at $500 and Homer residents T.W. Gray and Henry Martin posted it. Trial was
set for February 1 in district court.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFss4GudHcI_5yYIkoe1MGXfCqn8f2CdQ0AOHcNwKCOQXWvv8wZkjsieSNP6zmIdLIsa8Pbf_fT2Bdonq7_UOTnvqngMex2AXxeOJJWltwFjOFELu__aoYRVpk38F7PtWwQ1kda6AH8B4/s1600/IMG_6369.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1200" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFss4GudHcI_5yYIkoe1MGXfCqn8f2CdQ0AOHcNwKCOQXWvv8wZkjsieSNP6zmIdLIsa8Pbf_fT2Bdonq7_UOTnvqngMex2AXxeOJJWltwFjOFELu__aoYRVpk38F7PtWwQ1kda6AH8B4/s320/IMG_6369.JPG" width="240" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet;">Ford</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><span face="Trebuchet MS, sans-serif" style="font-family: trebuchet;">Long himself appeared before the justice of the peace to
complain the bail was too high. “You fellows had better be careful and not make
the bond too much,” Long warned. “Because if you do, I will reprieve him, and
the thing will be over because he belongs in my party and I am not going to
leave without him.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><span face="Trebuchet MS, sans-serif" style="font-family: trebuchet;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><span face="Trebuchet MS, sans-serif" style="font-family: trebuchet;">Homer citizens had been stirred into a fury as the rally
continued. They wanted retribution. Incensed friends of Ford were urged to
refrain from violence against Voitier and others in the group. The <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Shreveport Journal</i> reported a large
number of men armed themselves and insisted Ford make a statement to the
audience. Ford said he was not badly hurt and discouraged any response. Marshal
Baird told reporters that there probably would have been more serious trouble
if Voitier had not been removed from town quickly.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><span face="Trebuchet MS, sans-serif" style="font-family: trebuchet;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><span face="Trebuchet MS, sans-serif" style="font-family: trebuchet;">Within a week of the incident, Voitier was identified as a
well-known New Orleans boxer fighting under the name Young McGovern. The
LeBlanc campaign released a statement declaring, “The man who brutally
assaulted and beat up Mr. Ford at Homer has been positively identified as Young
McGovern, the famous lightweight boxing champion at New Orleans.” Voitier was
also brother to Paul “Polo” Voitier, one of Long’s trusted bodyguards.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><span face="Trebuchet MS, sans-serif" style="font-family: trebuchet;">Voitier did not appear in February to face the charges
against him.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>His bond was forfeited to
the court.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><span face="Trebuchet MS, sans-serif" style="font-family: trebuchet;">The confrontation in Homer mirrored earlier events in
Webster Parish. Minden resident J.R. Frey gave an account of the problems he
had with “Long-Allen henchmen” when he tried to campaign for LeBlanc.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><span face="Trebuchet MS, sans-serif" style="font-family: trebuchet;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><span face="Trebuchet MS, sans-serif" style="font-family: trebuchet;">Frey told a reporter, “Having had some experience with this
same bunch [as attacked Ford], I want the voters of the state to know the
tactics being employed by the Long-Allen bunch to keep the public from having
the advantage of considering the qualification<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>and fitness of Mr. LeBlanc for governor of Louisiana.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><span face="Trebuchet MS, sans-serif" style="font-family: trebuchet;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><span face="Trebuchet MS, sans-serif" style="font-family: trebuchet;">“At Ashland on December 31…Long-Allen henchmen approached
me and very positively informed me to scatter no literature there. At
Springhill, two days later, Long-Allen henchmen issued their final ultimatum by
telling me that I had to stop. I am a man 66 years of age, and, not being
physically able to fight the O.K. Allen bunch, I abandoned my work.” Allen won
the election.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><span face="Trebuchet MS, sans-serif" style="font-family: trebuchet;">Roughing up the opposition, including the news media, seems
have been standard procedure for those “protecting” Long and his lieutenants. One
reporter acknowledged, “Over the years, the Senator’s bodyguards had smashed
newsmen’s faces and heads.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><span face="Trebuchet MS, sans-serif" style="font-family: trebuchet;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><span face="Trebuchet MS, sans-serif" style="font-family: trebuchet;">When Public Service Commissioner Francis Williams issued a
statement critical of Long for controlling “almost all political offices in the
state,” he was assaulted in the State Capitol on June 29, 1932. An unknown
assailant struck Williams from behind, knocking him down. Salvador Guercio, an
inspector for the Public Service Commission chased after the attacker. Joe
Messina, Senate sergeant-at-arms and Long bodyguard, stopped and arrested
Guercio. When Williams protested, he was also arrested and the assailant
escaped. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><span face="Trebuchet MS, sans-serif" style="font-family: trebuchet;">A Missouri paper’s editorial denounced Long as “a cheap
politician so yellow that he has to hide behind the guns of a plug-ugly
bodyguard when he travels into the Louisiana villages of honest men he has
insulted and derided.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><span face="Trebuchet MS, sans-serif" style="font-family: trebuchet;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><span face="Trebuchet MS, sans-serif" style="font-family: trebuchet;">In a talk in Monroe on November 8, 1933, Long criticized
chain stores in a speech on redistribution of wealth. E.M. Steen, operator of
the Jitney Jungle grocery stores, became so incensed, he jumped up and called
Long a liar. Long told his bodyguards to “put the __ __ out of the house.” Joe
Messina jumped off the stage and rushed for Steen, swinging at the businessman
but missing. Messina asked men to hold Steen so he could hit him. State Senator
James A. Noe came to Steen’s rescue and Steen agreed to leave with Noe as long
as the bodyguards did not accompany them.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><span face="Trebuchet MS, sans-serif" style="font-family: trebuchet;">Despite being on the state payroll—Messina was paid by the
state police, Paul Voitier by the state voter registration office—the
bodyguards were not immune from arrest. Highway patrol superintendent Louis Jones,
who put up part of Martial Voitier’s bail, was convicted of attempted murder
for fracturing the skill of a Louis Boudreaux as the Long foe was being removed
from the state capitol in 1933. Paul Voitier was arrested in 1934 for tampering
with the voter registration rolls in Orleans Parish. Messina was charged in
1935 with a blackjack clubbing an Associated Press photographer who snapped a
picture of Long. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><span face="Trebuchet MS, sans-serif" style="font-family: trebuchet;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><span face="Trebuchet MS, sans-serif" style="font-family: trebuchet;">In the end, all those bodyguards could not protect the
Kingfish. Confronted by Dr. Carl Weiss in a corridor of the State Capital
Building on September 8, 1935, Long was shot in the abdomen, either by Weiss or
by the bodyguards who fired at least 61 bullets into Weiss. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><span face="Trebuchet MS, sans-serif" style="font-family: trebuchet;">Paul Voitier and Joe
Messina were among those accompanying Long at the time. Long died two days
later.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><span face="Trebuchet MS, sans-serif" style="font-family: trebuchet;">Homer’s museum is named in honor of Herbert S. Ford. He
died in 1960.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br />Wesley Harrishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00409480903480788318noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1993634150463867996.post-24418921887751860232019-12-28T13:25:00.003-06:002021-02-05T13:46:42.899-06:00Ludlow Massacre<span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif"><br /></span>
<span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: medium;"><span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif">The Ludlow Massacre arose from a 1914 confrontation between striking coal miners and their families and the Colorado National Guard and Colorado Fuel and Iron Company guards. The Colorado National Guard machine-gunned and set fire to tents where the striking miners and their families lived. Five miners, two wives, and twelve children died, most of them by suffocation while hiding in a cellar under a burning tent. The miners fought back, and more than 75 people were killed in the course of the war, roughly as many on the mine owners’ side as strikers. The Ludlow Massacre is considered the deadliest labor struggle in American history.</span><br />
<span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif"><br /></span>
<span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif">A union has preserved the site with a memorial marker and information panels. The cellar still exists. </span><br />
<span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif"><br /></span>
<span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif">Here are some of my photos from the massacre site and the nearby coal field.</span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRCx_cn3amPjAgVihJ_R6GHsMUettoh7pKXEArqvB_j09NA6ihaYcFC2aCJM5AwWh2bTjjKJwlwcxS1VsGEWO5b91cSBYZGjNf3lqGzEwOHR1IINDj61s2ViTR2-87l3EzdfsptgzkjaE/s1600/IMG_9907.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRCx_cn3amPjAgVihJ_R6GHsMUettoh7pKXEArqvB_j09NA6ihaYcFC2aCJM5AwWh2bTjjKJwlwcxS1VsGEWO5b91cSBYZGjNf3lqGzEwOHR1IINDj61s2ViTR2-87l3EzdfsptgzkjaE/s320/IMG_9907.jpg" width="320" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: medium;">Ludlow was located where the eastern Colorado plains give way to the mountains.</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh544IStTwQAbhS6WYf1zrGzXVI-ldEiWckYx9tsLek7PDaVhWITWT56aqtUHl0R-PmKKyJqJQPeNNjSu9fOgspK_hQDBuJ8Bs6t73sx0pHRwrs7ZMP_d4yUc_RmaJPUATtEREhPUz-Zzg/s1600/000_1713.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1066" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh544IStTwQAbhS6WYf1zrGzXVI-ldEiWckYx9tsLek7PDaVhWITWT56aqtUHl0R-PmKKyJqJQPeNNjSu9fOgspK_hQDBuJ8Bs6t73sx0pHRwrs7ZMP_d4yUc_RmaJPUATtEREhPUz-Zzg/s320/000_1713.JPG" width="213" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: medium;">Interpretive signage at the Ludlow Massacre site.</span></td></tr>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhj2Uip4Msapfs_j6DPcI2hbC09TzXvqz-jeuaBnI3cBbVu3OW5kqHbbs6ZawBbTknejXRsM6oh5sEiNa_8gr_PXLLzHc6h4lWGxilSEQYFniWUPZhPwTeM5gLlOhaepC7tUkl1seeH9jk/s1600/000_1714.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1066" data-original-width="1600" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhj2Uip4Msapfs_j6DPcI2hbC09TzXvqz-jeuaBnI3cBbVu3OW5kqHbbs6ZawBbTknejXRsM6oh5sEiNa_8gr_PXLLzHc6h4lWGxilSEQYFniWUPZhPwTeM5gLlOhaepC7tUkl1seeH9jk/s320/000_1714.JPG" width="320" /></span></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEA-b4Q5bR0e1rRxo0JJ0jZ_z3aIUmqunHez_kSnpEEXuNsozI6KbctL-UdxPjkWsR5HuSL6ZWb-F46Hwuv20MZwdcFQmJJAvNTDENWCPkRkVqc52EFs8XHFRhPcnmNLxUfKjFDLgBkbI/s1600/000_1715.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1066" data-original-width="1600" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEA-b4Q5bR0e1rRxo0JJ0jZ_z3aIUmqunHez_kSnpEEXuNsozI6KbctL-UdxPjkWsR5HuSL6ZWb-F46Hwuv20MZwdcFQmJJAvNTDENWCPkRkVqc52EFs8XHFRhPcnmNLxUfKjFDLgBkbI/s320/000_1715.JPG" width="320" /></span></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGhC60hjs7CLIeo9Xvm8z89WdTOaFqrRWpK6l8-fEdo_nFNHvQUJchK-Huc_-iKPnwe3nmqb91kRFnOiIKRAsawpwUi_tMPWr5xPAAegwVTHolU5Vy7Mx6lZCp-AxUoVsMV-Rxby1FD4A/s1600/000_1719.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1066" data-original-width="1600" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGhC60hjs7CLIeo9Xvm8z89WdTOaFqrRWpK6l8-fEdo_nFNHvQUJchK-Huc_-iKPnwe3nmqb91kRFnOiIKRAsawpwUi_tMPWr5xPAAegwVTHolU5Vy7Mx6lZCp-AxUoVsMV-Rxby1FD4A/s320/000_1719.JPG" width="320" /></span></a></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqTyedBo8W2GYTlXZEdGFzegSAiyI_wFzauKMKIVLc-FpIYEPBkzh567TwmJCqFUsn-bLKUrQ2iFGrkK6wdUkqdGhYpt0VwnhyphenhyphenAMJ10jKM1fk0T5pTNv17qsrN8NEJ3ljQ8gyfWSgnARI/s1600/000_1720.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1066" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqTyedBo8W2GYTlXZEdGFzegSAiyI_wFzauKMKIVLc-FpIYEPBkzh567TwmJCqFUsn-bLKUrQ2iFGrkK6wdUkqdGhYpt0VwnhyphenhyphenAMJ10jKM1fk0T5pTNv17qsrN8NEJ3ljQ8gyfWSgnARI/s320/000_1720.JPG" width="213" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: medium;">The memorial</span></td></tr>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtUm826OO4nF9fp3n8rz2YvsX62i_NuSe4wOe96-JG5SH-lCUBfQl968-v0Amz8ugbm8ICWfPWvttVUlJKgU02kGQqg8lf2fYl5Dxxw2W6haxYUVUJfwEepY9xjj5EYArGHy5gLA8NXVI/s1600/IMG_9885.JPG" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1067" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtUm826OO4nF9fp3n8rz2YvsX62i_NuSe4wOe96-JG5SH-lCUBfQl968-v0Amz8ugbm8ICWfPWvttVUlJKgU02kGQqg8lf2fYl5Dxxw2W6haxYUVUJfwEepY9xjj5EYArGHy5gLA8NXVI/s320/IMG_9885.JPG" width="213" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: medium;">Steps leading down into the cellar.</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1C3hZCbkgh33r1mBSt8BpL9c2L8A6HbVnk5n0JPoAejr5XRFTPcdHgVyoeuq7LWMOI5dEg8KsxkDjt2QwHc4q-JCFWEFk0jwZpNJwp4VbUdU8yr_hBadWDhPyRuQZav1weyOVTg-0wUo/s1600/IMG_9883.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1067" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1C3hZCbkgh33r1mBSt8BpL9c2L8A6HbVnk5n0JPoAejr5XRFTPcdHgVyoeuq7LWMOI5dEg8KsxkDjt2QwHc4q-JCFWEFk0jwZpNJwp4VbUdU8yr_hBadWDhPyRuQZav1weyOVTg-0wUo/s320/IMG_9883.JPG" width="213" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: medium;">View up from the cellar.</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9wb3gOj96XMQGp1_d1lCfGjgQUqbGMMWp7iJdrUc1SPTD_z6GbQTtQCVJYmM1u9Cjgbytq89MG6_TJTLnUHYPsiMZeJbR61FJ26wlUa-M2wvufzjajWFNHwVO6GQEJrIKRz_Qva8y-ec/s1600/IMG_9901.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9wb3gOj96XMQGp1_d1lCfGjgQUqbGMMWp7iJdrUc1SPTD_z6GbQTtQCVJYmM1u9Cjgbytq89MG6_TJTLnUHYPsiMZeJbR61FJ26wlUa-M2wvufzjajWFNHwVO6GQEJrIKRz_Qva8y-ec/s640/IMG_9901.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: medium;">Coke ovens at Ludlow used to burn impurities out of the coal.</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHDGXqJ4ZSovyjZJIw3oQf_3IBvt_EeS2nfySFezsjRgFBVLJjY2bbEB3EcClHXU1Ws42nuWV6F7_fvGpKsw355O6GY3Ar50mKHuqefjKcg90_af5Sm3EANnFFPx6kvApamARfOE78WdU/s1600/IMG_9906.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHDGXqJ4ZSovyjZJIw3oQf_3IBvt_EeS2nfySFezsjRgFBVLJjY2bbEB3EcClHXU1Ws42nuWV6F7_fvGpKsw355O6GY3Ar50mKHuqefjKcg90_af5Sm3EANnFFPx6kvApamARfOE78WdU/s640/IMG_9906.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: medium;">Coal tailings from one of the Ludlow mines.</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvR-Wqu6IPa5xpyoX9NvTksWmJi2quwRjWeHcbslSnjv1tlDyRoaotgZsH_Er7HPTBhIC0AYpEXhKoYQX6q1XT1ljhvjsxjAhOaYAGuBH1Cptey0dYl5D7U_OKLVgedLKFsUzitbcVVCY/s1600/IMG_9902.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvR-Wqu6IPa5xpyoX9NvTksWmJi2quwRjWeHcbslSnjv1tlDyRoaotgZsH_Er7HPTBhIC0AYpEXhKoYQX6q1XT1ljhvjsxjAhOaYAGuBH1Cptey0dYl5D7U_OKLVgedLKFsUzitbcVVCY/s320/IMG_9902.jpg" width="320" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: medium;">The Hastings Mine was one of the Ludlow-area mines. Twelve miners were killed at the Hastings mine in 1912 from an explosion of gas due to a defective lamp. 121 men died in an explosion at the mine in 1917.</span></td><td class="tr-caption"></td><td class="tr-caption"></td><td class="tr-caption"></td><td class="tr-caption"></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif"><br /></span>Wesley Harrishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00409480903480788318noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1993634150463867996.post-76655834550394927482018-06-21T15:52:00.000-05:002018-06-21T15:52:35.727-05:00Nightriders Claim Another Victim<br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">The
years following the Civil War were especially hard for newly-freed slaves. With
no homes, no money, and no prospects, one can imagine the hopelessness that
came with freedom.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">To
help, President Abraham Lincoln advocated for a bill to establish an organization to
assist freedmen.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">On
March 3, 1865, Congress passed the Freedmen's Bureau Bill. The new agency was
created within the War Department, the only federal agency with a structure
that could be assigned in the South to assist freed slaves in obtaining relief,
land, jobs, fair treatment, and education.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgR8pVHlMNnghn36dn8H7h9P3JMgRIWWgeVbcTsMZxH3N6b7GBDfZhLt7sTHgxqzdXikBnrTGQTT30ArUr3ikhHPn_HMU2ixNUfmZR79by1J8waM4KgE_2JSCubZ5oRUlRpfFLZpkymVjE/s1600/freedmens.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="315" data-original-width="538" height="187" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgR8pVHlMNnghn36dn8H7h9P3JMgRIWWgeVbcTsMZxH3N6b7GBDfZhLt7sTHgxqzdXikBnrTGQTT30ArUr3ikhHPn_HMU2ixNUfmZR79by1J8waM4KgE_2JSCubZ5oRUlRpfFLZpkymVjE/s320/freedmens.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Recently freed slaves meet with the Freedmen's Bureau</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">The
Freedmen's Bureau arranged for schools and served as legal advocates for
African Americans in both local and national courts, mostly in cases dealing
with family issues and property issues. Assistance was also provided to help
African Americans find family members who had become separated during the war.
The Bureau encouraged former</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"></span></div>
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">planters to rebuild their plantations, urged
freedmen to gain employment, kept an eye on contracts between the newly free labor
and planters, and pushed both whites and blacks to work together as employers
and employees rather than as masters and as slaves. The bold undertaking met
with successes and failures.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">The
Bureau divided Louisiana into districts, each containing one to three parishes.
Each district was assigned an agent, an army officer if possible, but when they
could not be obtained, a citizen was appointed. Most of the officers were in
the Veteran Reserve Corps, such as New York native Lieutenant Simeon G. Butts
whose office was in Vernon in Jackson Parish.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">When
civil war broke out, Butts had joined the 11th Michigan Infantry, leaving
behind a wife and three small children. After suffering a series of ailments
and then injury in a train wreck, the army sent Butts to the Invalid Corps
where he was assigned noncombatant duties. After the war, he was appointed as a
Second Lieutenant in the 12th Volunteer Reserve Corps and sent to Louisiana
with the Freedman's Bureau.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">In
a report on the Freedmen's Bureau, the overall commander of the U.S. Army
occupation forces in Louisiana during Reconstruction, General William T.
Sherman, wrote, "As a general thing the agents have been treated very
courteously by the people of their respective parishes. There are some
exceptions, however. In some portions of the State (principally the northern
and northwestern) our officers and agents are insulted and threatened "<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Butts,
who had survived bouts with illness and a serious train wreck during the war,
would not survive the seemingly innocuous duty as a low-level government social
worker.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">North
central Louisiana's West-Kimbrell gang consisted of the state's most notorious
outlaws during the Reconstruction era. Much has been written about the clan
based in Winn Parish but often the stories were based on unsubstantiated
legend. The official record is slim the gang was adept at keeping much of its
activity secret.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Monroe's
Ouachita Telegraph noted the outlaws, known as the Nightriders, "headed by
a man named West, have been operating as highwaymen with unvarying success ever
since the close of the war, and perhaps before its close, and have sent
unheralded and unprepared into eternity the soul of many an innocent victim,
stimulated thereto solely by an ungodly greed for gain."<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">John
West and the Nightriders preyed on travelers traversing central Louisiana
headed to Texas, killing entire parties, dumping the bodies in wells, and
absconding with all the victims' property leaving no evidence of their fates.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">On
July 7, 1866, Lieutenant Butts and his captain left Natchitoches with an army
payroll bound for Vernon. After spending the night in St. Maurice, Butts
continued alone, spending the second night at a home near the village of
Lewisville in Winn Parish.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Three
months later, his bones were found next to a spring three miles from the house
where he had spent the night. General Sherman wrote his superiors that,
"Every effort has been made to obtain some trace of the party who
committed the cowardly act, but without avail." The murder was denounced
in New York newspapers and across the country.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">When
locals had finally had enough, the Nightriders were destroyed in 1870. Only
then did the full story of Butts's fate became known.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">The
Ouachita Telegraph told the story in a lengthy article on May 27, 1870:
"Mrs. West and a man named Dean, one of West's accomplices, now clear up
the mystery of the Lieutenant's death. He was killed by West not far from the
Saline Mills in Winn Parish. Information had been conveyed to West that the
Lieutenant had drawn $2,700 at Natchitoches.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">"West,
Dean and another man overtook Butts on the road, and to allay suspicion told
him they were hunting cattle. Riding on, they came to a point near which there is
a fine spring. Butts was induced to turn off to the spring to get some water.
While drinking from the spring, West deliberately shot the unsuspecting man
through the head until now the manner of his death was a profound
mystery."<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMLFiJ4cWzFhl-v9k85f0EM6VJDugNdDtXF2ETtNMsyI3dg97TkzUzVc_1SLZ_4XDjnHxo2VP33iLBbbSLGPaH-eKl1GoA3PKhnKSPy61HuAjIeUV41gXBoxNFFpWJny1bKSNECSf-_Eg/s1600/butts+grave.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="883" data-original-width="1600" height="176" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMLFiJ4cWzFhl-v9k85f0EM6VJDugNdDtXF2ETtNMsyI3dg97TkzUzVc_1SLZ_4XDjnHxo2VP33iLBbbSLGPaH-eKl1GoA3PKhnKSPy61HuAjIeUV41gXBoxNFFpWJny1bKSNECSf-_Eg/s320/butts+grave.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Lt. Butts's marker in Kistachie National Forest in Winn Parish</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">The
spring where Butts died would thereafter be called Yankee Springs. A Baptist
church and cemetery were established near his burial spot. The grave was marked
but the exact spot was lost over time. Local historians located the approximate site and recently installed a marker for Lt. Butts. The grave is
within the Kisatchie National Forest.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />Wesley Harrishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00409480903480788318noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1993634150463867996.post-40260529960159857372018-06-19T15:42:00.002-05:002021-05-04T12:27:47.939-05:00The Stagecoach Once Ruled N. La. Travel<br />
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<span face="Trebuchet MS, sans-serif"> Long before
railroads and superhighways crisscrossed America, boats and stagecoaches
provided the primary means of commercial transportation. The Smithsonian
Institution notes that mail contracts made up the bulk of the profits for most
stage companies. The company awarded a contract from the postal service was the
one most likely to succeed. The routes used by mail stages became lifelines
into new western territories, and were soon traveled by immigrants and fortune
seekers.</span></div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFEPSnJSDn7ZVLhRqjucCT4q5xQtBGLFSfhbjRPA9hmxiCS9jsWjXN62GMp0vnbx91lDz58n5sJ4cMR24sK0jqe7oIlkWR00bhIpxSE0KoEnpbap2VgqNGQwop8VlRG1NTzRqaREH-Qfs/s1600/overloaded+stagecoach+pic.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="1237" height="261" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFEPSnJSDn7ZVLhRqjucCT4q5xQtBGLFSfhbjRPA9hmxiCS9jsWjXN62GMp0vnbx91lDz58n5sJ4cMR24sK0jqe7oIlkWR00bhIpxSE0KoEnpbap2VgqNGQwop8VlRG1NTzRqaREH-Qfs/s400/overloaded+stagecoach+pic.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A typical stagecoach</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span face="Trebuchet MS, sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span face="Trebuchet MS, sans-serif"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Travel by stage
was not easy. The journey from Memphis, Tennessee, to San Francisco,
California, lasted 25 days. Travelers could find themselves packed tightly with
up to eight people inside the coach, several more on top, and mailbags stuffed
in among the passengers. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span face="Trebuchet MS, sans-serif"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Stage lines built
station stops, or contracted with locals to provide horses and other
essentials, every ten to fifteen miles along the route. Except for short breaks
to change horses at the designated stops, stagecoaches kept traveling day and
night. The rough, bone-jarring, and often dangerous travel tried the patience
of the most seasoned travelers.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span face="Trebuchet MS, sans-serif"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Early 19<sup>th</sup>
century transportation in north Louisiana was best accomplished on water. The
Red and</span></div>
<a name='more'></a><span face="Trebuchet MS, sans-serif"> Ouachita Rivers and Bayous Dorcheat, D’arbonne, and Macon facilitated
north-south transportation for travelers and farmers’ goods. East-west travel
was more difficult on crude roads that followed Indian trails.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span face="Trebuchet MS, sans-serif"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>By 1825 the first
stagecoach began operation across north Louisiana, an agonizing trip over a
poor excuse for roads. The trip took 30 hours with a fare of $15.00.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span face="Trebuchet MS, sans-serif"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As use increased,
the road became a bit more passable from the erosive effects of wagon wheels
smoothing out the bumps. Deep ruts of the old roadbed are still visible in a
few spots across north Louisiana. In 1857, this route became known as the Wire
Road after the telegraph line was strung along side it.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span face="Trebuchet MS, sans-serif"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>During
Reconstruction days after the Civil War, the route from Monroe to Vicksburg
ceased operation as the Vicksburg, Shreveport & Pacific Railroad made the
stage obsolete. The Monroe-Shreveport Stage Line operated from the Ouachita
River to Shreveport. It would be nearly twenty years after the war ended before
the railroad completely crossed the state.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span face="Trebuchet MS, sans-serif"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>According to E.
R. Hester, who wrote extensively on north central Louisiana history, some of
the coaches had names like the “Arcadian,” “Merry Widow,” and the “Southern
Belle.” Hester also mentions a stage route from Arkansas through Arcadia to
Natchitoches.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span face="Trebuchet MS, sans-serif"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Thomas Tolbert
came to Louisiana after the Civil War from South Carolina, tried farming for a
year, and suffered so much misfortune he decided to go back east. His account
of riding the Monroe-Shreveport stage, specifically the leg from Minden to
Vienna, is anything but flattering:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span face="Trebuchet MS, sans-serif"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“The stage, or as
it is more properly called ‘mud wagon,’ upset opposite this place [Vienna] last
night at 8:00. Fortunately no one sustained any injury but myself. The joint
above the armpit in my left shoulder was dislocated. I suffered great pain for
the time and was unable to proceed with the ‘mud wagon’ any further.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgd5pucVQdvYDoZlYWit86die6DUJAFqy4oeSvuTCk-d3-y7Y3IZM_Mix74I5GuOexMB7Bd4wPzY7hEhVhYzcuthHMBrFhVq603mHxcn3QhEe0wBKCyiYzyPoagIW8jEJ2fTUIpnyA7A8A/s1600/calhoun+house.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="206" data-original-width="352" height="187" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgd5pucVQdvYDoZlYWit86die6DUJAFqy4oeSvuTCk-d3-y7Y3IZM_Mix74I5GuOexMB7Bd4wPzY7hEhVhYzcuthHMBrFhVq603mHxcn3QhEe0wBKCyiYzyPoagIW8jEJ2fTUIpnyA7A8A/s320/calhoun+house.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Calhoun Farm between Monroe & Vienna was one of the stage stops.</td></tr>
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<span face="Trebuchet MS, sans-serif"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A mud wagon was a
lighter but sturdier stagecoach built for rough roads. Tolbert was being a bit
sarcastic since a mud wagon lacked the suspension that larger coaches possessed
to make for a more comfortable ride. Traveling in a mud wagon had to feel much
like going over Niagara Falls in a barrel.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span face="Trebuchet MS, sans-serif"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tolbert
continued: “Our trip for roughness and discomfort has exceeded my worst
anticipations. From Minden we had eleven passengers in a very small hack. We
were literally wedged in. If I had to choose between a boat and a stage again I
would take boat.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Decent people ought not
patronize the line from Shreveport to Vicksburg. Mrs. P. and baby stood it
pretty well. She held the little fellow in her arms while the stage was
upsetting. Seemed more anxious about him than herself. It is a wonder there was
no more damage done. We were going in a full trot down a long hill. The driver
succeeded in stopping the horses immediately. I think some of the rest were
scared as bad as I was hurt. Wiley was lying under the seats. John got fastened
someway and the stage had to be prised to let him out. He was frightened out of
his wits.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span face="Trebuchet MS, sans-serif"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A fare schedule
of the Monroe-Shreveport stage line notes the stops along the route:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span face="Trebuchet MS, sans-serif">Name of Station<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Number
of Miles<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Cost of Fare<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span face="Trebuchet MS, sans-serif">First stand<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>12<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>$1.20<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span face="Trebuchet MS, sans-serif">Forksville<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>17.5<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>$1.75<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span face="Trebuchet MS, sans-serif">Mrs. Calhoun’s<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>23<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>$2.30<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span face="Trebuchet MS, sans-serif">Vienna<span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span>35<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>$3.50<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span face="Trebuchet MS, sans-serif">Walnut Creek<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>47<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>$4.70<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span face="Trebuchet MS, sans-serif">Arcadia<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>55<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>$5.50<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span face="Trebuchet MS, sans-serif">Bennett’s<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>60<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>$6.60<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span face="Trebuchet MS, sans-serif">Mount Lebanon<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>65<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>$6.50<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span face="Trebuchet MS, sans-serif">Minden<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>85<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>$8.50<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span face="Trebuchet MS, sans-serif">Bellevue<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>120<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>$12.00<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span face="Trebuchet MS, sans-serif">Fillmore<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>120<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>$12.00<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span face="Trebuchet MS, sans-serif">Red Chute<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>130<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>$13.00<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span face="Trebuchet MS, sans-serif">Shreveport<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>140<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>$14.00<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span face="Trebuchet MS, sans-serif"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“Mrs. Calhoun’s”
referred to the Calhoun homestead on what is now called the Douglas Road,
Louisiana Highway 821 northeast of Ruston. It was the headquarters for the
extensive farming operations of John D. Calhoun, which included about 2,000
acres by the turn of the century. The large Lincoln Parish farmhouse still
stands and is listed on the National Register of Historic Sites.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span face="Trebuchet MS, sans-serif"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Vienna stop
provided accommodations for those who wished to spend the night rather than
endure the nonstop, round-the-clock journey. A hotel there run by the Colvin
and Huey families was a well-known resting place.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span face="Trebuchet MS, sans-serif"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Rev. James Buys,
a Baptist minister, built a large hotel in Arcadia for stage travelers. It
provided nice rooms and huge banquet-like noon and midnight meals for
travelers. The building no longer exists.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span face="Trebuchet MS, sans-serif"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Mount Lebanon stage stop also remains. Built
in 1847 by Reuben Drake, one of the founders of the once-thriving town that
boasted its own college, the large home is a well-known local landmark on the
National Register of Historic Places. The house was occupied by family members,
so travelers slept on the galleries [porches].<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span face="Trebuchet MS, sans-serif"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mt. Lebanon had
its own university from before the Civil War until the early 1900s. Students
from the east and west likely used the stagecoach to commute to school. Mt.
Lebanon faded away like Vienna and other towns bypassed by the Vicksburg,
Shreveport & Pacific Railroad in 1884.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span face="Trebuchet MS, sans-serif"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>More recently, U.
S. Highway 80—America’s only coast-to-coast road—and Interstate 20 serve the
purpose of the Wire Road and its stagecoaches. Neither highway follows the ruts
of the Wire Road exactly. At Ruston, U. S. 80 and I-20 are five to six miles
south of the old Wire Road. The Interstate passes four miles north of Mt.
Lebanon’s Stagecoach Inn.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />Wesley Harrishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00409480903480788318noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1993634150463867996.post-67471838191935423742017-11-13T12:14:00.002-06:002017-11-13T12:14:22.321-06:00RAY KROC, THE "FOUNDER" OF McDONALDS<span style="background-color: #fff2cc; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #29303b;">This post is a response to an assignment in my “History of Capitalism” course at Louisiana Tech University.</span><span style="color: #29303b;"> </span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">I watched the 2016 film "The Founder," a portrayal of Ray Kroc of the <a href="https://www.mcdonalds.com/us/en-us.html">McDonald's Corporation</a> as part of a class assignment. Part of my assignment was to determine if the movie presents Kroc as a "villain." </span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;">Is it even possible for Hollywood to make a film about a conservative Republican businessman and not make him look like a villain? Probably not. I read several reviews after watching the movie and several critics noted the film served as an indictment of President Trump-type capitalists. </span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;">Kroc was definitely a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalism">capitalist</a>. He took an idea--some would say stole--and made millions. </span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;">The movie is compelling, especially since we all know McDonald's--"billions and billions served." The first 30 minutes is spent building a sympathetic picture of the McDonald brothers who started the first restaurant. This serves to contrast the greed and ruthlessness of Ray Kroc as the movie progresses. </span></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcuHPOdn2PV-7DeGEo6TXoL83zPkB0R2DXJAECW4G1roo07A9oY8GJ8T8cQYVu7CtsSPn4QZH-sQGdO5SOEIye-doRjfDcYCSNeaxMh-CPUcOo99g4yDvFTpY2Z9miApG2u1Dl6jgtJ0Q/s1600/20founder-diptych1-right-custom1-v3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="757" data-original-width="1023" height="295" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcuHPOdn2PV-7DeGEo6TXoL83zPkB0R2DXJAECW4G1roo07A9oY8GJ8T8cQYVu7CtsSPn4QZH-sQGdO5SOEIye-doRjfDcYCSNeaxMh-CPUcOo99g4yDvFTpY2Z9miApG2u1Dl6jgtJ0Q/s400/20founder-diptych1-right-custom1-v3.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: #fff2cc; font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;">The movie portrays Kroc as a villain to some degree, although it does mention how he provided opportunities for financial success to many. There is no question that Kroc's operation has provided thousands of jobs and made millions for investors. But still, the movie tends to condemn his methods and motives. Emphasis is placed on how he "cheated" the McDonald brothers. At one point one of the McDonald brothers say, "We are not greedy men," implying that Kroc is. We are to assume that all capitalists are greedy. Kroc's actions are so ruthless that they supposedly stress one McDonald brother to the point he is hospitalized.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #fff2cc; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">There are also attempts in the film to paint Kroc as a hypocrite. Through words and imagery, Kroc's patriotic and religious beliefs are mocked and his actions (divorce, lying, swindling, etc.) are portrayed in contradiction to his espoused beliefs. This is presented subtly but repeatedly. In one scene, Kroc tries to persuade the McDonald brothers to go national by equating the firm's "golden arches" with "flags and crosses," explaining that McDonald's restaurants should as common as churches. Or as Michael Keaton says in portraying Kroc, "McDonald's can be the new American church." </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #fff2cc; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">I have read articles before that praised Kroc for his business talent and innovation that led to one of the most successful businesses in American history. "The Founder" is honest with us by noting at the beginning of the movie that it is "<i><u>Based</u></i> on a true story." I think we have to take the film as what it is--an Hollywood interpretation with its own perspective and motives. I recommend the movie but also <a href="https://www.biography.com/people/ray-kroc-9369349#!">reading more</a> about this fascinating entrepreneur. </span></div>
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<br />Wesley Harrishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00409480903480788318noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1993634150463867996.post-65292906005322714402017-10-22T16:26:00.001-05:002017-10-22T16:26:50.779-05:00THE CAPITAL THAT MADE CAPITALISM<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Did slaves get our economy to where it is today?</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;">This post is a response to an assignment in my “History
of Capitalism” course at Louisiana Tech University.</span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;">I hope you find this analysis of Julia Ott’s
essay, <a href="http://www.publicseminar.org/2014/04/slavery-the-capital-that-made-capitalism/#.WeIooltSzIU">“Slaves: The Capital that Made Capitalism”</a> interesting.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.publicseminar.org/2014/04/slavery-the-capital-that-made-capitalism/#.WeIooltSzIU">Ott’s article</a> makes the case that slavery was a
significant factor in developing capitalism in America and the world. In fact, she calls slaves “the capital that
made capitalism.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;">According to Ott, slaves were essential for the
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrious_Revolution">“industrious revolution”</a> and the subsequent “industrial revolution.” The Industrial
Revolution was the result of surplus money and crops, leading to the
development of new technology. But before the Industrial Revolution was an Industrious
Revolution, a period of tremendous desire for more goods. During the
Industrious Revolution, the demand for goods increased, but supply did not rise
as quickly. These included goods like t</span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;">obacco, coffee, chocolate, sugar, and
tea. Ott calls these “drug foods” since
their new consumers developed a craving, or addiction if you will, to these new
luxuries that quickly became “necessities.” <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;">During
the Industrious Revolution, Europeans worked harder to be able to afford these
drug foods in the 16</span><sup style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;">th</sup><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"> Century, which paved the way for the
Industrial Revolution of the 18</span><sup style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;">th</sup><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"> and 19</span><sup style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;">th</sup><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"> Centuries.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;">But
Ott notes the demand for these products is only part of how the Industrious
Revolution and the subsequent Industrial Revolution came about. Essential to
these economic developments, according to Ott, was new capital in the form of
slaves.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;">Ott
explains that trading in slaves and the goods they produced led to the
development of modern finance and new industrial activities. Transoceanic
trading networks, banks, and insurance services rose from the international
slave trade. The capital derived from these endeavors financed British
industries such as gun and metal manufacturing, sugar refinement, rum
distillation, and the creation of cotton products. The effect of slavery on the development of
capitalism went far beyond what the individual slave did in a cotton field.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;">Cotton,
in fact, became the world’s most significant crop, and slavery was the most
efficient capital to produce it. The number of slaves in America grew to
increase cotton production. In the early 1800s, cotton was the world’s number
one traded good. The export of cotton to
Britain and other nations was imperative to obtain the products and credit
needed from abroad.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7Ek7ONPy1Q2EDjzx143-JZsBQ5DxC5_hIO1qJMoR2jSQO7GELLPWiFUESTvcjAiNTG2ntcb0XWTZKvS2P4ZrxIWiuM_DVFelbd08w83FGLvDN4hX3ERKRFygUluOHpqbNLtWkfrnSDOI/s1600/Enslaved-Africans-work-the-cotton-fields.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="630" data-original-width="609" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7Ek7ONPy1Q2EDjzx143-JZsBQ5DxC5_hIO1qJMoR2jSQO7GELLPWiFUESTvcjAiNTG2ntcb0XWTZKvS2P4ZrxIWiuM_DVFelbd08w83FGLvDN4hX3ERKRFygUluOHpqbNLtWkfrnSDOI/s320/Enslaved-Africans-work-the-cotton-fields.jpg" width="309" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">Slaves picking cotton.</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;">Not
only did cotton, through slave labor, develop a wealthy South, according to
Ott, it also developing an industrial complex in the North. Northerners
participated in the slave trade, transported products created by slaves, created
mills to refine those products, and used those profits to invest in other
industries. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;">Ott
concludes the essay with the statement that slavery “set capitalism in motion
and sustained capital accumulation for three centuries.” Slavery may have given
capitalism a “jump start” but other factors have since have attributed to its
advancement.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">I disagree with the notion that slavery, which
ended 150 years ago, is responsible for where our economy stands today. Too many other factors have influenced our
economy in the intervening years. In the U.S., the Civil War, Reconstruction, and the Great Depression destroyed the capital Ott says was in the hands of rich Southerners. World War II brought prosperity to many due to the manufacture of war materiel. Technology developments in one year in recent decades make the entire Industrial
Revolution look like the Stone Age. New products and services are developed every day. Communication is instantaneous, prompting constant changes, including growth, in our world economy. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;">We would not be far off the mark to call technology
the drug of choice today, although Ott’s drug foods are still extremely
popular. Many who read this post consider their daily latte, expresso, or frappe essential
to life. Millions are attached to cell phones as if they were life support
machines that must be monitored constantly. There is more computer capability
within a <a href="http://www.computerweekly.com/blog/Computer-Weekly-Editors-Blog/The-Apollo-11-missions-computers-were-less-powerful-than-todays-mobile-phones">modern cell phone</a> than in the Apollo spaceships that took American
astronauts to the moon in the 60s and 70s. Such advancements, considering the size of the world economy today, have the ability to influence capitalistic societies practically overnight. According to Angus Maddison in his book <i><a href="http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/development/the-world-economy/the-world-economy-in-the-second-half-of-the-twentieth-century_9789264022621-5-en">The World Economy,</a></i> in the last half century, the world economy performed better than at any time in the past. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;">Slavery certainly played a role in the development of capitalism. Slaves were chattel, much like money itself, and served as the resource to grow one's finances. But world events, technological advances, and the ingenuity of the capitalist now overshadow slavery's influence on the current status of capitalism and the world economy.</span></div>
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Wesley Harrishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00409480903480788318noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1993634150463867996.post-41561641506734362592017-03-13T10:29:00.000-05:002017-03-13T11:27:05.106-05:00THE LINCOLN ASSASSINATION<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Every year I attend a conference in Washington, DC on the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln. I hope to publish a book one day on the physical evidence from the crime. Through my research and my participation in this annual conference, I have met many people who are serious students of history.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">One of those is Dave Taylor, an elementary school teacher in Maryland. who has become an expert on the assassination. He publishes an excellent blog on the Lincoln assassination called<a href="https://boothiebarn.com/"> Boothie Barn.</a> A recent post on the blog includes a video of Dave giving a dramatic reenactment as the assassin John Wilkes Booth. It's worth a look: <a href="https://boothiebarn.com/2017/03/04/an-evening-with-john-wilkes-booth/#comment-33209">https://boothiebarn.com/2017/03/04/an-evening-with-john-wilkes-booth/#comment-33209</a></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjG-PuqVuCOSObybeAYJ08b70QtjiWGDNmi6aZVEm0WhpB1fXu8VB8yTwwP52tEqnPVooZIHzk-SNTYSHVubqO3kVilBotA7V-0A2rCcx1fYkNEYzwwCtnkG3hD9d2KVWQxlKZ6cksWCFY/s1600/dave+taylor.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="207" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjG-PuqVuCOSObybeAYJ08b70QtjiWGDNmi6aZVEm0WhpB1fXu8VB8yTwwP52tEqnPVooZIHzk-SNTYSHVubqO3kVilBotA7V-0A2rCcx1fYkNEYzwwCtnkG3hD9d2KVWQxlKZ6cksWCFY/s320/dave+taylor.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div>
Wesley Harrishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00409480903480788318noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1993634150463867996.post-88482808915479870272016-12-30T13:06:00.003-06:002016-12-30T13:06:36.622-06:00POST CARDS TELL OUR HISTORY
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<span style="margin: 0px;"><span style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;">A community’s history can be recreated
through the post cards issued to commemorate its locations, people, and special
events. </span></span></div>
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<span style="margin: 0px;"><span style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;">As I collected post cards from my hometown
of Ruston, Louisiana, I realized the hundreds of images printed for the past
century could tell the community’s history as easily as any book. In fact, I
turned those post cards into a book: “Greetings from Ruston.” Usually post
cards were intended primarily for tourists but they revealed what was important
to the community—churches, schools, successful businesses, significant
community events. More recently, post cards have been used extensively as
advertising which will tell historians a century from now much about how we
lived.</span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTAi7yeaOHod4BB9E6TdM1K6hIY1I-hr8NgHRab2NWeD05H-L1kCoH2mSlwVrI0Rrs4w_eiWBXJaatrSLxC3t49NuW-LdIfGf3OZtY8IOoOvfWVBMdONSaoY13YM5h81ZhYh9PPQ-wIms/s1600/9780966688931.jpg.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTAi7yeaOHod4BB9E6TdM1K6hIY1I-hr8NgHRab2NWeD05H-L1kCoH2mSlwVrI0Rrs4w_eiWBXJaatrSLxC3t49NuW-LdIfGf3OZtY8IOoOvfWVBMdONSaoY13YM5h81ZhYh9PPQ-wIms/s320/9780966688931.jpg.jpg" width="320" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="margin: 0px;"><span style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;">Collections of post cards can be found on
internet genealogy and history sites. Even assemblages of outrageously corny or
ugly post cards can be viewed online.</span></span></div>
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</div>
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<span style="margin: 0px;"><span style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;">The U.S. Post Office Department began
issuing pre-stamped postal cards in 1873. The cards were created to meet the
public demand for a convenient way to send notes by mail. The Post Office was
the only entity allowed to print post cards until 1898 when Congress passed the
Private Mailing Card Act, permitting private publishers and printers to produce
post cards. Initially, the government prohibited private businesses from
calling their cards “post cards,” so they were referred to as “souvenir cards.”
Prior to 1908, no other information could be placed on the address side of the
post card, so the photo side often provided a margin for a short message.</span></span></div>
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<div style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span lang="EN" style="margin: 0px;"><span style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;">The
first post card in the </span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><span lang="EN" style="color: windowtext; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;">United States</span></span></a><span lang="EN" style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"> was created in </span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1893" title="1893"><span lang="EN" style="color: windowtext; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;">1893</span></span></a><span lang="EN" style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"> to advertise the </span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%27s_Columbian_Exposition" title="World's Columbian Exposition"><span lang="EN" style="color: windowtext; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;">World's Columbian Exposition</span></span></a><span lang="EN" style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"> in </span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago"><span lang="EN" style="color: windowtext; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;">Chicago</span></span></a><span lang="EN" style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;">. Shortly thereafter the </span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_government" title="United States government"><span lang="EN" style="color: windowtext; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;">United States Post Office Department </span></span></a><span lang="EN" style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;">allowed printers to publish a 1-cent post card
(the "Penny Postcard"). A correspondent's writing was allowed only on
the front side of these cards.</span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="margin: 0px;"><span style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;">In </span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1901" title="1901"><span lang="EN" style="color: windowtext; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;">1901</span></span></a><span lang="EN" style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"> cards appeared with the words
"Post Card" printed on the reverse (the side without the picture).
Written messages were still restricted to the front side, with the entire back
dedicated to the address. This "undivided back" is what gives this
postcard era its name.</span><span style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"> </span></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="margin: 0px;"><span style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;">The "divided back" card, with
space for a message on the address side, came into use in the United States in
1907. The back of the card was divided into two sections, the left section
being used for the message and the right for the address. From 1907 to about
1915, picture post cards were a wildly popular form of communication. In 1908,
more than 677 million post cards were mailed.</span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjP1VZmt59lQrRCDEZFNw7tyqymB665K7HH6LEXWKSFN4wfyGtAi2O6gxD-CgNRF9IoQ06c4hgMhqeYMG32lPhf1gvsKsxD4Lk-nSYIkGWn6WlVv2SM0hi0f4bIK5gA77QyuWOyyByXLxE/s1600/1907+rev+hale+hall.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="192" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjP1VZmt59lQrRCDEZFNw7tyqymB665K7HH6LEXWKSFN4wfyGtAi2O6gxD-CgNRF9IoQ06c4hgMhqeYMG32lPhf1gvsKsxD4Lk-nSYIkGWn6WlVv2SM0hi0f4bIK5gA77QyuWOyyByXLxE/s320/1907+rev+hale+hall.png" width="320" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="margin: 0px;"><span style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;">The “white border” era, named for obvious
reasons, lasted from about 1916 to 1930.</span><span style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;">The “linen card” era, from 1931 to the early 1950s, was marked by the
use of cards printed on papers with a textured surface similar to linen cloth.
The current post card era of “chrome” cards began about 1939.</span><span style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;">The images on these cards are usually color
photographs on a glossy paper. Modern post cards can also be found made from
wood, metal, or bearing holograph images.</span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimWptUnlehngoSmJa-ET74mwpXo28t4AXt4_6LLy3cREaKshw0abwZnqmCS4QTIl5Ii9qedWcxBBS2-1RQA9XdMkMI0ZJVLJQ0xh-VXX8QkFY3ynFA2xhryMDAS-_t_8TErOfp72Q_A8w/s1600/ofotovienna.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="228" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimWptUnlehngoSmJa-ET74mwpXo28t4AXt4_6LLy3cREaKshw0abwZnqmCS4QTIl5Ii9qedWcxBBS2-1RQA9XdMkMI0ZJVLJQ0xh-VXX8QkFY3ynFA2xhryMDAS-_t_8TErOfp72Q_A8w/s320/ofotovienna.jpg" width="320" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="margin: 0px;"><span style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;">Today, many Christmas greetings are in the
form of post cards, usually with a photograph of the family. Businesses and
nonprofits often use post cards to make announcements and spread important
information without the expense of stuffed envelopes.</span></span></div>
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<b></b><i></i><u></u><sub></sub><sup></sup><strike></strike><br /></div>
Wesley Harrishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00409480903480788318noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1993634150463867996.post-29001155414613199232016-11-25T13:54:00.000-06:002016-11-25T13:54:52.304-06:00FIRST, LET'S KILL ALL THE LAWYERS<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Louisiana politics wasn’t always dirty; sometimes it was
just deadly.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"> In Shakespeare’s
Henry the Sixth, a largely forgotten character utters one of the writer’s most
memorable lines: “First, let’s kill all the lawyers.” The oft-misinterpreted
line was meant to praise attorneys and judges who impart justice in society. But
in the Reconstruction Era after the Civil War, a Louisiana lawyer served in
government at his own risk.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"> Politics today
could be considered downright nasty with plenty of mudslinging and vitriolic
name-calling. But even Louisiana’s notoriously scandal-plagued politics of the
20th century does not compare to the violence of Reconstruction. After the war,
Republicans, with control of the federal bureaucracy, took charge of local and
state government in Louisiana and most of the South, even though the majority
of the populace was Democrat. Once the sole purview of the white Democrats,
control of local politics was largely in the hands of those holding newfound
power gained through the Union victory. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"> Serving in the
Republican-controlled Reconstruction government could be deadly. Political
assassinations were common as the Democrats saw their domain coming to an end.
They did not take kindly to outsiders—carpetbaggers—coming in to run local
government. The scalawags—locals who allied themselves with the Radical
Republicans—were especially despised. Even those who had excellent
relationships with the populace before and during the war were now considered
pariahs by their longtime friends and associates.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"> The White League
used violence against officeholders, running some out of town and killing
others, and suppressed election turnout among black and white Republicans. In
August 1874, a mob assassinated virtually every government official in Red
River Parish. An insurrection by 5,000 White Leaguers against Metropolitan
Police and state militia supporting the state government in New Orleans on
September 14, 1874, killed dozens. The insurgents held the statehouse, armory,
and downtown for three days, retreating before arrival of Federal troops that
restored the Radical Republican government. A memorial commemorating the
Democratic view of the Battle of Liberty Place is currently the focus of a
contentious fight over the removal of purported racist symbols in New Orleans.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"> Sometimes the
attack on government officials had more to do with outright lawlessness than
political opposition. Such may be the case with the murder of a district judge
and district attorney near Winnsboro in September 1873. The Ouachita Telegraph
called the apparent ambush killing of District Judge Thomas H. Crawford and
District Attorney Arthur H. Harris “a great crime, exciting our horror and
strongest condemnation.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"> Harris and
Crawford had participated in court proceedings in Winnsboro for a week before
returning to their homes in Columbia in Caldwell Parish. On Monday, September
8, they set out for Winnsboro for a second week of court. Along the route, an
ambush cut them down. Another attorney, Thomas J. Hough, who left Columbia two
or three hours after the two officials, discovered the bodies fourteen miles
down the road near the Boeuf River swamps. Hough spurred his horse back to
Columbia to collect a posse. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"> Judge Crawford
lay in the road, the victim of what the Ouachita Telegraph termed “murderous
fire.” The paper’s description was gruesome: “He was shot so often as to leave
no distinct marks of the number of shots he received. His head was literally
torn to pieces, the parts being gathered up in a handkerchief for interment.
His horse was shot in the neck, but not killed.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"> District Attorney
Harris had opportunity to flee the first onslaught. His horse was shot down in
the road but Harris’s body was found some distance away, indicating he briefly
fled on foot. According to the Telegraph, “his body exhibited wounds in the
knee, thigh, side and head, from which it is believed he was killed in flight,
and even shot while down and several paces from his horse. The character of the
wounds leads to the belief that the fire was delivered from both sides of the
road, and that after having shot the two men down, they were shot while down,
and Judge Crawford even after he was dead. His chest received a number of
bullets, and underneath his head a large hole in the ground was seen, while the
upper portion of this head was entirely blown asunder.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"> As a Unionist who
opposed Louisiana’s secession, Crawford’s alliance with the Republicans meant
losing friends and gaining many enemies. He had fled to New York during the
conflict. Attempts had been made on his life since his return to Louisiana.
Many drew the conclusion that his office was gained through subterfuge with the
help of the Republican-controlled election returning board as the vote count
had been decidedly against him. Harris, it was supposed, was killed because he
was in company with Crawford, and no witnesses could be left alive. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"> Some suggested a
different and more likely motive. Crawford and Harris had been threatened by a
Caldwell Parish man named Winn, a fugitive facing a murder charge. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"> Harris had no
known enemies. As a Democrat, the Telegraph reported, “he was thoroughly and
strongly opposed to Crawford politically, and was even beloved by the people of
his district. Nothing but strong personal enmity can account for his death and
that of Judge Crawford in the way recited. And this fact — admitted to be such
by every one — points more strongly than anything else to the accusation of
Winn as the guilty party.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"> Judge Crawford
was buried in Columbia, and forty-one year old Arthur Harris in his family’s
burial plot in City Cemetery in Monroe. The Telegraph described a massive
outpouring of sympathy for both men, but especially Harris, saying he
“possessed fine social qualities, a cultivated mind, popular manners and a good
heart. He loved his country, and set
duty above all sense of fear.” His tombstone is marked with a similar
sentiment. Crawford was named “one of the best criminal lawyers of the State.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"> Governor Kellogg
offered a $5,000 reward but no one was ever brought to justice in the case.
Rewards announced in response to political killings in Reconstruction Louisiana
almost never produced the desired results.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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Wesley Harrishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00409480903480788318noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1993634150463867996.post-16789037321865933802016-07-22T17:41:00.003-05:002016-07-22T18:09:06.283-05:00THE HUNT FOR PANCHO VILLA<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">I rarely share from other websites, but this sounds like an interesting book on the hunt for the Mexican bandit Pancho Villa. The U.S. Army actually invaded Mexico to find him.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<a href="https://govbooktalk.gpo.gov/2016/07/21/the-expedition-to-capture-pancho-villa/"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">https://govbooktalk.gpo.gov/2016/07/21/the-expedition-to-capture-pancho-villa/</span></a>Wesley Harrishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00409480903480788318noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1993634150463867996.post-58440778074837946052016-06-08T11:32:00.000-05:002016-06-09T13:32:58.541-05:00THE AMERICAN DREAM<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
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<span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Some concepts resist definition. Honor. Justice. Liberty. Duty. Freedom. One Supreme Court justice, when faced with the dilemma in a </span><a href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/378/184" style="font-family: calibri;">pornography case</a><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> “trying to define what may be indefinable,” famously said that he couldn’t define pornography it but sure knew it when he saw it.</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Jim Cullen had the same problem in defining the notion of the American Dream. In his book </span><a href="http://www.amazon.com/American-Dream-History-Shaped-Nation/dp/0195173252?ie=UTF8&keywords=the%20american%20dream&qid=1465337610&ref_=sr_1_1&sr=8-1" style="font-family: calibri;"><em>The American Dream: A Short History of an IdeaThat Shaped a Nation</em>,</a><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> Cullen identifies examples that illustrate the American Dream. The closest he comes to a succinct definition is pinpointing a phrase from the Declaration of Independence as defining the American Dream:</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri";"><em style="background-color: #fff2cc;">“…we hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness.”</em></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgg2IWYWakBRckr5eBxgDtlFNqA44Y0Z3L65TjnjKI6Tlaghutnwr7D_y_V8GHfAlhoT7oi99Il2SFITRw79hDoQp7NUP29o9H5-RpL-9rFjdGNPTeKKlrIpYGTD2vGbsoICdpg4bZtlA8/s1600/o+declar.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgg2IWYWakBRckr5eBxgDtlFNqA44Y0Z3L65TjnjKI6Tlaghutnwr7D_y_V8GHfAlhoT7oi99Il2SFITRw79hDoQp7NUP29o9H5-RpL-9rFjdGNPTeKKlrIpYGTD2vGbsoICdpg4bZtlA8/s320/o+declar.jpg" width="240" /></a></div>
<span style="background-color: #fff2cc; font-family: "calibri";"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: #fff2cc; font-family: "calibri";">Each “Dream” Cullen describes in the book “rested on the
language, prestige, and confidence of the Declaration of Independence.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Declaration, he says, is the charter of
the American Dream. And yet, some do not recognize the power of the Declaration
in promoting the American Dream. When a Louisiana legislator offered a bill
that students should learn the Declaration in school, other politicians blasted
the treasured document as “racist,” apparently ignorant of its import to the
American Dream that, at least today, applies to all.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #fff2cc; font-family: "calibri";">I cannot define the American Dream.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But like the stumped Supreme Court justice, I
sure know what it is.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It brings people
to America to pursue aspirations unavailable to them elsewhere.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For example, Cullen notes that in 1900,
German, Irish and Polish immigrants to the United States owned homes in numbers
"that would have been virtually inconceivable in Europe at the time.” The
Dream provides the impetus for invention, innovation, and the entrepreneurial
spirit.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It’s what pushes people to be
all they can be. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">The American Dream compelled families to load their
belongings in wagons and head west for<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>new beginnings to achieve what had eluded them so far. Cullen states “If
there is one constant in the Declaration of Independence, it lies in the way no
version of the status quo is ever completely acceptable.” The urge for a better
life, a continuous improvement of circumstances, drives the American Dream. In
1862 my great-great-grandparents loaded a few belongings in a two-wheeled cart
pulled by oxen, and taking their children by the hand, left Georgia and walked
a thousand miles to settle in a desolate spot in North Louisiana.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They sought the Declaration’s “Life, Liberty,
and the Pu</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">rsuit of Happiness” and they sought it on their own.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #fff2cc; font-family: "calibri";">President Barack Obama stirred controversy in 2012 when he
seemed to minimize the effort of individual hard work in achievement in what is
referred to as the <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-fix/post/obamas-you-didnt-build-that-problem/2012/07/18/gJQAJxyotW_blog.html">“You didn’t build that” speech:</a> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<em style="background-color: #fff2cc; font-family: calibri;"><br /></em>
<em style="background-color: #fff2cc; font-family: calibri;">“The point is, is that when we succeed, we succeed because
of our individual initiative, but also because we do things together. There are
some things, just like fighting fires, we don't do on our own. I mean, imagine
if everybody had their own fire service. That would be a hard way to organize
fighting fires.</em><br />
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</em></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri";"><em style="background-color: #fff2cc;">“…look, if you've been successful, you didn't get there on
your own. You didn't get there on your own. I'm always struck by people who
think, well, it must be because I was just so smart. There are a lot of smart
people out there. It must be because I worked harder than everybody else. Let me
tell you something – there are a whole bunch of hardworking people out there. <o:p></o:p></em></span></div>
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</em></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri";"><em style="background-color: #fff2cc;">“If you were successful, somebody along the line gave you
some help. There was a great teacher somewhere in your life. Somebody helped to
create this unbelievable American system that we have that allowed you to
thrive. Somebody invested in roads and bridges. If you've got a business – you
didn't build that. Somebody else made that happen. The Internet didn't get
invented on its own. Government research created the Internet so that all the
companies could make money off the Internet.”<o:p></o:p></em></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #fff2cc; font-family: "calibri";">Former Massachusetts governor Mitt Romney, Obama’s opponent
in his campaign for re-election, criticized the "you didn't build
that" statement. “To say that Steve Jobs didn't build Apple, that Henry
Ford didn't build Ford Motors, that Papa John didn't build Papa John Pizza ...
To say something like that, it's not just foolishness. It's insulting to every
entrepreneur, every innovator in America.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #fff2cc; font-family: "calibri";">The primary critical argument against the President’s
assessment was termed “a matter of emphasis” by one observer. Obama’s belief
that government solves all problems and success is unlikely without it is
contrary to the American Dream. The Founding Fathers viewed the only way to
achieve “Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness” was to get the British
government out of their lives.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They
sought freedom to pursue their American Dreams and that meant being in command
of their own lives.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Thomas Jefferson, as
Cullen reminds us, believed that the system that governs best governs least. By
emphasizing government over the efforts of individuals, the President did
nothing to encourage and inspire. It was a far cry from President John F.
Kennedy’s counsel to <a href="http://www.jfklibrary.org/Asset-Viewer/BqXIEM9F4024ntFl7SVAjA.aspx">“Ask not what your country can do for you. Rather, askwhat you can do for your country.”</a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #fff2cc; font-family: "calibri";">Americans achieved lofty goals and fulfilled their wildest
dreams before government ever grew into the bureaucracy it is today.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>My great-great-grandparents moved west, built
a home, tilled a farm, and provided for a large family with no help from the
government during the lean years of civil war and Southern Reconstruction.
They, and the Founders as well, would be appalled by the size of American
government today and would wonder if we are so weak and helpless that we cannot
attain our American Dream without it.<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYuP5tzQB_LQOQxTxfhp0SRwGD09By-0zpB9R2ts0AAB7W7Jlbo16y51IVuGqhUGzQw6V7D2y-ikXVkX2JAbyWxqYIcli9geFX6OvaQdsCda_FXD1V2Rdyy4n057we6KRXj7L6uMcwqz8/s1600/build.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="224" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYuP5tzQB_LQOQxTxfhp0SRwGD09By-0zpB9R2ts0AAB7W7Jlbo16y51IVuGqhUGzQw6V7D2y-ikXVkX2JAbyWxqYIcli9geFX6OvaQdsCda_FXD1V2Rdyy4n057we6KRXj7L6uMcwqz8/s320/build.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Many have criticized President Obama for his statements in <br />the "you didn't build that" speech. This is one of many posts circulating through social media. </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #fff2cc; font-family: "calibri";">Cullen lists the desire to own a home as one of the most
widely realized American Dreams. My parents dreamed of a large ranch-style home
on acreage beyond the city limits to raise their three sons. Their dream was
fulfilled through a combination of personal initiative and government help—a
balance that President Obama failed to make clearly in his speech. The V.A.
loan they could obtain would not cover a home of the size they wanted if it was
sided with brick with a massive fireplace as the centerpiece of the family
room. Instead of settling for less than fulfillment of their Dream, and drawing
on their determination to see it through, they scoured the countryside for old
house sites where all that remained were brick chimneys and foundations.
Cajoling the owners into permitting them to haul off old brick, my parents
saved thousands of brick. As I child I helped them pull down old chimneys and
carefully clean the old mortar off mountains of antique brick.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They achieved their Dream but it took
backbreaking hard work. But they did build it.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="background-color: #fff2cc;">Some say government can aid the downtrodden in achieving
their American Dreams, while others protest that government interference in the
form of taxation, regulation, and obfuscation prevents them from realizing
theirs. That argument won’t be settled any time soon, but it may be one that
must be resolved for American Dreams of the future to be realized.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Wesley Harrishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00409480903480788318noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1993634150463867996.post-18918212213920867082016-06-03T10:41:00.000-05:002017-03-13T11:27:35.816-05:00Allen Greene: Lincoln Parish Scalawag<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Allen Greene typified the
Reconstruction-era “scalawag”—a local citizen who allied himself with the
Radical Republicans who controlled national and state government to achieve personal
political and financial aspirations. Scalawags were considered traitors to the
South. They were just as bad, if not worse, than the carpetbaggers from the
North.</span></span></span></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEib1tqG9_2mUM78liW3R6iCfEjx1uro2HUPjJaTbdRZTDZFIyOAPfnlbTnwbENwvVFPTPMNgBxMgoj3M5V3b5Mg6vwuXdU0s6qh1znkJj3i1kChfpLACRJCuC3S2_b7wfrpM0B56jGKkgw/s1600/allen+greene+pic.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEib1tqG9_2mUM78liW3R6iCfEjx1uro2HUPjJaTbdRZTDZFIyOAPfnlbTnwbENwvVFPTPMNgBxMgoj3M5V3b5Mg6vwuXdU0s6qh1znkJj3i1kChfpLACRJCuC3S2_b7wfrpM0B56jGKkgw/s320/allen+greene+pic.JPG" width="239" /></span></a></div>
<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Both respected and despised, Greene was a
savvy businessman and generous and sociable neighbor. While he opposed
Louisiana’s succession from the Union before the Civil War, he supported
individual Confederate soldiers—his son fought for the South. Unlike most
Unionists, he was a slaveholder. After the war, however, he was quick to side
with the victors and create his own political dynasty in the heart of the
Democrat majority. His choice of allies led to death threats and even a
gunfight that left him wounded.</span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">In 1872, federal troops were stationed
throughout Louisiana to Federal troops occupied the region at the time,
ostensibly to enforce Reconstruction, protect freedmen, and support U.S.
marshals and local officials in enforcing the law.</span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">The fall elections for state and local
offices were destined to be plagued by controversy and conflict and Jackson
Parish was no different.</span></span></span></span></div>
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</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Judge Evander McNair Graham was a highly
respected attorney and former Confederate officer who seemed certain to win the
state senate race for the district including Jackson Parish. His support
extended well beyond the parish seat of Vernon as he had served clients
throughout the region and former soldiers from his command lived all over north
Louisiana. No one expected Allen Greene to enter the race.</span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Greene waited until Election Day to add
his name to the ballot, a move that upset many in the local electorate. The
last thing they wanted was a scalawag elbowing into the election process at the
last minute. With Greene at the polls in Vernon were his three </span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">sons William,
Charles, and Jackson. Jackson Greene was a commissioner of the election at the
polls, keeping a tally sheet. Charles had been appointed a United States
commissioner to monitor the election. Since the supervisor was very slow in
preparing the tally of the vote, Allen Greene decided to go home to
Greensborough, his home west of Vienna and return the following day to examine
the results. The count showed Graham garnering twice the votes of Greene and
another candidate combined. However, Greene claimed victory to the outrage of the
local citizenry. Longtime friends took offense and battle lines were drawn.</span></span></span><br />
<a name='more'></a></div>
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</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">A confrontation between the Greenes and
another local family broke out. Two sons of Captain J. Y. Allen, a highly
respected Vernon resident, met Allen Greene and son Charles near the Jackson
Parish courthouse. Gunfire filled the street as bullets replaced angry words.
The </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Vernon Standard </span></i><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">gave a brief
account:</span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">“A difficulty occurred here on last Tuesday
between Charles W. Allen, Wm. J. Allen, Allen Greene and his son, Charles J.
Greene, which resulted in the shooting of C. W. Allen and both of the Greenes.
C. W. Allen was shot first by Allen Greene through the left thigh, just above
the knee, and also through the right leg, breaking the bones of the same and
shattering them badly. His wounds are very painful and serious, but are not
thought to be fatal. Both of the Greenes were shot in the head but their wounds
are not considered dangerous.” </span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Jackson Parish Sheriff James G. Huey and a
deputy and Constable Spencer P. Colvin intervened before any fatal blows were
struck. All four men were arrested and appeared the next morning before the
judge—Greene’s opponent in the senatorial race, E. M. Graham. A preliminary
examination was waived by the defendants and Graham bound them over to appear
at the next session of the district court. C. W. Allen’s bail was fixed at $500,
his son’s at $800, Greene’s at $2,000 and his son’s at $800. Since a fire at
the Jackson Parish courthouse later destroyed the records of the incident, we
do not know the specific charges or the ultimate outcome. Most likely, all the
charges were eventually dismissed. In Greene’s extensive writing over the next
few years, he mentions the shootout several times but never a court
disposition.</span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">The Greenes sent for federal troops
immediately after the fight. The arrival of soldiers representing an army many
locals had recently fought only served to increase the anxiety in town. Credit
for maintaining calm and averting bloodshed was given to the local law officers.
</span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Greene obtained affidavits from voters who
claimed to have been intimidated along with accusations of fraud. It was no
longer a matter of how many ballots were in the box but whether they had gotten
there by fraud by denying persons the opportunity to vote. Based on these
allegations, Greene claimed the election. The final decision was up to the
state’s returning board.</span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">The returning board examined the results
of all Louisiana elections in November 1872 and in most of them ruled the
Republican candidate the winner. The board approved and certified Allen Greene
was the lawfully elected senator from the 19</span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><sup><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">th</span></sup><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"> District. The
approved results by the board gave Greene substantially more votes than what
had been tallied locally.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Greene’s first move as senator in
collaboration with his son Charles, a state representative, was to secure
passage of an act creating a new parish from portions of Bienville, Claiborne,
Jackson, and Union to be named after President Abraham Lincoln.</span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">For the new parish, Governor William Pitt Kellogg
appointed a slate of officers submitted by Greene. These included J.B. Ray as
sheriff, a Republican originally from Ouachita Parish; Greene’s son William, as
tax collector; son Jackson as tax assessor; and son Charles as parish judge. Other
friends and fellow Republicans were appointed to other posts.</span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">As a sop to the local opposition, lawman
Spencer P. Colvin, a well-known and respected Vienna resident, was appointed
clerk of court as the sole Democrat officeholder. The parish seat was
established at Vienna.</span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Total control of the parish by the
Radicals led to talk of mass revolt but elder citizens counseled restraint and
suggested a petition</span></span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"> asking Greene, his three sons, and several other officials
to resign. An overwhelming majority of Lincoln Parish taxpayers—white
landowners—signed it.</span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">But the Radicals
had the governor and the federal government behind them. </span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">The situation nearly exploded several
times. The removal of all parish records and offices from Vienna to Greene’s
plantation several miles to the northwest incensed the population. Greene and
his family were virtual prisoners as it was too dangerous to leave their home.
The arrival of federal troops to arrest Huey—whose home was taken in by the new
parish meaning he could no longer serve as Jackson Parish Sheriff—Colvin, and
other purported leaders of the opposition came very close to prompting a bloody
conflict.</span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Each time it appeared the lid
would blow off, someone backed down and a lethal clash never occurred.</span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Little by little the locals chipped away
at Greene’s power. When federal troops were withdrawn from Louisiana in 1877,
the Radicals lost power and nearly office in the state reverted to the
Democrats.</span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Greene’s influence on north central
Louisiana was significant despite the turmoil of the times. His appointment of
freed slaves to political offices, the creation of schools for their children,
and creation of jobs through his industries improved life for many. After his
death in 1883, his tombstone would read, “He had a progressive mind and
struggled hard build up his country; but alas, his ideas were far in advance of
the community in which he lived.”</span></span></span></span></div>
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Wesley Harrishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00409480903480788318noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1993634150463867996.post-77746130737371887922016-06-03T09:46:00.001-05:002017-03-13T11:27:50.891-05:00Louisiana Tech's Lagniappe Beauties<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><em>How Hollywood helped choose the prettiest girls on campus<o:p></o:p></em></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In the 1930s and
40s, many colleges called upon well-known artists, actors, cinematographers,
and other celebrities to select the beautiful coeds to appear in the schools’
yearbooks. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In 1934, Bing
Crosby selected beauties for the University of Northern Iowa yearbook from ten
finalists. The University of Southern Arkansas used natives of the state like
actor Dick Powell and radio comedians Lum and Abner to choose beauties for the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Mulerider</i>, the school’s yearbook. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirYZq7eyhg43yh4nt96RW3iUumVcwGuPBSmV5GTb-GQSESSphCU2KKkUDOZWgnItDwVUp_cUDqcZMaMGJKhzpAiWiqx4I4PnWFzRwOD2B2e4IjYwc5d9W-Ms1EKAqSKk5k4lXTai9vfLA/s1600/millie+lomax+1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirYZq7eyhg43yh4nt96RW3iUumVcwGuPBSmV5GTb-GQSESSphCU2KKkUDOZWgnItDwVUp_cUDqcZMaMGJKhzpAiWiqx4I4PnWFzRwOD2B2e4IjYwc5d9W-Ms1EKAqSKk5k4lXTai9vfLA/s200/millie+lomax+1.jpg" width="126" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small;">
</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Millie Lomax was selected as a Tech</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: x-small;">campus beauty in 1934 and
1936</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWyDKedqnRQApmZK-NEiXavkcVG-wDA-MAzlkJ8x2W7U61eP9KLzi-XlpaDJyogSa6RgZThnDoP_XlKP0n65ktZ_rixd78kTFZr_FJcEsvX4bMBBjz1ZNa9LfpBwTsRgrgioL-0Ocaaj4/s1600/oma+watson+1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWyDKedqnRQApmZK-NEiXavkcVG-wDA-MAzlkJ8x2W7U61eP9KLzi-XlpaDJyogSa6RgZThnDoP_XlKP0n65ktZ_rixd78kTFZr_FJcEsvX4bMBBjz1ZNa9LfpBwTsRgrgioL-0Ocaaj4/s200/oma+watson+1.jpg" width="129" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small;">
</span>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Oma Watson was a 1939 Lagniappe selection</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></span> </div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Louisiana Tech
also adopted this policy in the 1930s. In the 20s, a single coed was usually selected
annually as the school’s “most beautiful” or “prettiest girl” for the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Lagniappe,</i> </span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">the college’s yearbook. A
bevy of campus beauties was first selected in 1929 by vote of the students.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
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<a name='more'></a><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In 1930, actor
Charles “Buddy” Rogers selected five Tech beauties from twenty photographs mailed
to Hollywood. Rogers was well known at the time, having starred in nearly
twenty films, including the first one to win an Oscar (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Wings,</i> 1927).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgm-LJpUSYqz6WSRRwlseq5_GR5Y2fBMZ9quzSZq5ZVT82Yklw3zBPcHpjdz1fNp1mh8gj8ujlEClIf63-fvqHkY-ZzQjxKYdZDoZqZBV41sCi7_9ryE3JhoFl7yivfdd4yZcvv0lsp3z0/s1600/mae+west+1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="245" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgm-LJpUSYqz6WSRRwlseq5_GR5Y2fBMZ9quzSZq5ZVT82Yklw3zBPcHpjdz1fNp1mh8gj8ujlEClIf63-fvqHkY-ZzQjxKYdZDoZqZBV41sCi7_9ryE3JhoFl7yivfdd4yZcvv0lsp3z0/s320/mae+west+1.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>No celebrity was
used to make the 1931-33 <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Lagniappe</i>
choices but actress Mae West selected the 1934 yearbook beauties. As one of
Hollywood's original "sex symbols," West may have been a
controversial choice for a conservative Southern school like Tech. When she
made the Tech beauty selections, her current film was aptly named <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">I'm No Angel.</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8pGLYHJo8bRGvXxN8wVcb2n5XFS4nRtgNRzZQLl5qSrXiCTGgRkECUOZPAeRh9gAkdajdrjpO6NBP8V9FrfC2tvH0ZXQRoSYV1M7vDPG_DnpwgcBMdsMnhXTqcBbgz-34VsQ-pdOAMMM/s1600/shirley+temple+1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8pGLYHJo8bRGvXxN8wVcb2n5XFS4nRtgNRzZQLl5qSrXiCTGgRkECUOZPAeRh9gAkdajdrjpO6NBP8V9FrfC2tvH0ZXQRoSYV1M7vDPG_DnpwgcBMdsMnhXTqcBbgz-34VsQ-pdOAMMM/s320/shirley+temple+1.jpg" width="234" /></a><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In 1935, after student balloting narrowed
the field to eighteen, seven-year-old actress Shirley Temple picked six Tech
coeds for the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Lagniappe</i>. Temple was
at the height of her popularity, having already made over a dozen films. A
photograph of the honorary Oscar winner holding a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Tech Talk</i>, the campus newspaper, announcing her selection as judge
appeared in the yearbook along with the chosen coeds.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>By 1936 when she
was asked to select Tech's beauties, Claudette Colbert had already made nearly
thirty movies and won a best actress Oscar. She would be nominated three more
times for best actress and won a Golden Globe for best supporting actress for a
TV mini-series.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBMIovypUjOU2fr586Wc5CpFKOI0l5QzrCmghnAhfzbx3EEkdhFBG3Q7y9-rrYdloRpbxZgxGwQTi4QrviW82LGPOEnCPFwDf9WpqG9JnIT-6TasptDoApu5yAM8nr5Ootl_CPQdebDZc/s1600/claudette+colbert+1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBMIovypUjOU2fr586Wc5CpFKOI0l5QzrCmghnAhfzbx3EEkdhFBG3Q7y9-rrYdloRpbxZgxGwQTi4QrviW82LGPOEnCPFwDf9WpqG9JnIT-6TasptDoApu5yAM8nr5Ootl_CPQdebDZc/s320/claudette+colbert+1.jpg" width="248" /></a><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Louisiana
Governor Richard Leche made the selections in 1937 just after Tech’s new administration
building was named in his honor. After Leche was convicted of serious
corruption charges, the building was renamed for former Tech President J. E.
Keeny.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hollywood star
Charlie McCarthy made the 1938 selections, followed in 1939 by Kay Kyser who made
the choice “from among a group selected by a campus-wide poll.” Kyser’s
orchestra was hugely popular in the 30s and 40s with eleven number one records.
The band also appeared in several motion pictures. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Theatrical
producer and composer Earl Carroll made the 1940 picks “on the basis of a bust
photograph and a full length pose, supplemented by a chart of measurements and
general descriptive information.” <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>No celebrity was
utilized in 1941 so the selections were most likely made by student vote. In
1942 big-time producer Cecille B. DeMille, the founding father of the Hollywood
film industry, made the choice. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjypF9aHFbijmmNIpwk-sbbEWdesNFaLAWfxhnwTqxwCXE1MojoKfOf2gT2dKehcPXBPgDDQXIx_tGyn8BhDEMshFtt8p1rMRP27pHVE2Ek_YGIKLePXW8asAsksiqiXXWwY4p-6vijlD0/s1600/rosemary+breed+1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjypF9aHFbijmmNIpwk-sbbEWdesNFaLAWfxhnwTqxwCXE1MojoKfOf2gT2dKehcPXBPgDDQXIx_tGyn8BhDEMshFtt8p1rMRP27pHVE2Ek_YGIKLePXW8asAsksiqiXXWwY4p-6vijlD0/s320/rosemary+breed+1.jpg" width="224" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Rosemary Breed was chosen as a Tech beauty</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"> by actress
Claudette Colbert in 1936.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"></span><br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6yaiR6BZQ_6x8fD05oZRUocIN7B7vZ1yW_IhPwL9QCVBUOAotBR5bN2BmJjovJhGwNvQThYQp1OD_IrjjVEXCMJZT2tm6yqyUaF4ucOYussg9n0d8GNX_gAtSJlA58AloJZl9n-j0Fys/s1600/dell+barksdale+1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6yaiR6BZQ_6x8fD05oZRUocIN7B7vZ1yW_IhPwL9QCVBUOAotBR5bN2BmJjovJhGwNvQThYQp1OD_IrjjVEXCMJZT2tm6yqyUaF4ucOYussg9n0d8GNX_gAtSJlA58AloJZl9n-j0Fys/s320/dell+barksdale+1.jpg" width="218" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Dell Barksdale appeared in the 1934 Lagniappe.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The last year
Tech used a celebrity for judging campus beauties was 1943 when comedic actor
Bob Hope picked six Tech coeds. The autographed photograph of the star of stage
and film sent back with the selections read, “I’m breathless!—but ‘Thanks for
the Memory’ of 28 real beauties.” Hope presented his stand-up act at Tech in
1985 and got to see many of its gorgeous coeds in person.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The disruptions
brought on by world war probably played a role in ending the practice of
celebrity judges. Tech did not produce a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Lagniappe
</i>for 1944 because of war shortages and no celebrity selections were made
when publication resumed. Whether the choices were made by the Hollywood stars
themselves or by a manager or press agent is anyone’s guess. But the
consistency in selecting many of the same young women in consecutive years
indicates someone made a serious effort to choose the most beautiful of the
beautiful.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
Wesley Harrishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00409480903480788318noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1993634150463867996.post-59982844639575973932016-01-01T16:28:00.002-06:002016-01-01T16:29:29.156-06:00PHOTO ODDS AND ENDS<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Here are a few random photographs of historical note that I pulled from my collection. Click on the photo for a closer look.</span><br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhV0iMiJgCDQs0yXjfexYQ86mFkOjd9y-gT25imFxqBI51oO4zOXIrkyhENvr6aIRPQaXJKxS7QFyNNIa_Q0M20Mk0-DNzKkeMZOjMLZYz5ShLju21Yb9TpWBUeQybcbmFzP73d_rLXAnM/s1600/brooks+boarding+house.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhV0iMiJgCDQs0yXjfexYQ86mFkOjd9y-gT25imFxqBI51oO4zOXIrkyhENvr6aIRPQaXJKxS7QFyNNIa_Q0M20Mk0-DNzKkeMZOjMLZYz5ShLju21Yb9TpWBUeQybcbmFzP73d_rLXAnM/s1600/brooks+boarding+house.jpg" width="370" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Bonnie & Clyde gang stole a car from this location in Ruston, LA.</td></tr>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8A15WAy776WWx5UXO6xWCSPydmjyGjx7cnBfkEVqqUF0sViBg5iEXHSBjIQ9rQksSrB3zREMw8_3lC2bnYGTBMZ0NOg2deA0VcdwLKkNRCDVpKXh-4EywMAN3PG8tPvnoeGY-mKGVdto/s1600/posse.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="396" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8A15WAy776WWx5UXO6xWCSPydmjyGjx7cnBfkEVqqUF0sViBg5iEXHSBjIQ9rQksSrB3zREMw8_3lC2bnYGTBMZ0NOg2deA0VcdwLKkNRCDVpKXh-4EywMAN3PG8tPvnoeGY-mKGVdto/s1600/posse.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A 19th century posse </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh32tZXOh1WlX-7Wn-EzgK9rc1nSkbPoA_vP43GYNFgjBUSNIjnVTpF5UOX-7fgf6m8s5FDAIzOKdb-IaYa8PJ7dYzyj7-SmHXi_F_oO8wHR8qOjEcJth3KzMYK3Krg6GKVML61GXv6GeI/s1600/IMG_5973.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh32tZXOh1WlX-7Wn-EzgK9rc1nSkbPoA_vP43GYNFgjBUSNIjnVTpF5UOX-7fgf6m8s5FDAIzOKdb-IaYa8PJ7dYzyj7-SmHXi_F_oO8wHR8qOjEcJth3KzMYK3Krg6GKVML61GXv6GeI/s1600/IMG_5973.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Abandoned dog trot house, Claiborne Parish, Louisiana</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcG-chPSKcYd5uFcxqTGtHH1V9GxXUWj-u7dVIrj4gVqSwZbb8X9uel6_zlTTVuyxP4Hq-tYJrMO88umgscXkGlwGpDxjfsYjm7VeUWwWe7KBZ0xMgEee75_iZfgETJhQYkoCVcAmx_Dw/s1600/chennault+baseball.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="428" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcG-chPSKcYd5uFcxqTGtHH1V9GxXUWj-u7dVIrj4gVqSwZbb8X9uel6_zlTTVuyxP4Hq-tYJrMO88umgscXkGlwGpDxjfsYjm7VeUWwWe7KBZ0xMgEee75_iZfgETJhQYkoCVcAmx_Dw/s1600/chennault+baseball.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">General Claire Chennault playing baseball with the troops. China, World War II</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNAWpCoUKjjqOSDP8jZyPmIIEX5qFjnrKM-7pwLrzDv5VOj-2YVFDXJCe465kYei80mPSqw4wXZSs0-lnS0fyOAmHZJ5pu-HFEfcoY63UX9pUvTb-BPqSuABn0xjF8rL9Op5sh1mn-rz4/s1600/cruikshank+&+stillwell+3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="392" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNAWpCoUKjjqOSDP8jZyPmIIEX5qFjnrKM-7pwLrzDv5VOj-2YVFDXJCe465kYei80mPSqw4wXZSs0-lnS0fyOAmHZJ5pu-HFEfcoY63UX9pUvTb-BPqSuABn0xjF8rL9Op5sh1mn-rz4/s1600/cruikshank+&+stillwell+3.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Captain Arthur Cruikshank of Ruston, Louisiana receiving a medal from General Joseph Stillwell, China, WWII</td></tr>
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<br />Wesley Harrishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00409480903480788318noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1993634150463867996.post-39304931285170927462016-01-01T16:13:00.002-06:002016-01-01T16:15:38.644-06:00AMERICA THE BEAUTIFULSome photos from my travels across America. Enlarge them for a closer look and don't forget to go to the next page.<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpi6evca1YpntutQjm5bUCA6Jmbv-HdlBiaBFNgsrjLvjifWJzrMLtyRTlseUyB2eu3Od-UjaXJybiw14nDjIRHk7etnO0CRokBp03vWx5OAL7MVZLAIpVQ0LBt2ZKJhHWpCxeiV-QLkY/s1600/IMG_7850.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpi6evca1YpntutQjm5bUCA6Jmbv-HdlBiaBFNgsrjLvjifWJzrMLtyRTlseUyB2eu3Od-UjaXJybiw14nDjIRHk7etnO0CRokBp03vWx5OAL7MVZLAIpVQ0LBt2ZKJhHWpCxeiV-QLkY/s640/IMG_7850.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Grand Teton National Park</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhX34EFNcd-qD_9Cl8ptCBOp7akiDksyUCMm-7EF30j3EMCiUPl5CfjaOYOXrOscuhJoL9kd2hGUHxKfoYlcp2JG3Mid_EcRN1o5HdmTsqcdXm2r3GbyayPddpgSfv9ZJneYZHTP7WVkwo/s1600/IMG_7884.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhX34EFNcd-qD_9Cl8ptCBOp7akiDksyUCMm-7EF30j3EMCiUPl5CfjaOYOXrOscuhJoL9kd2hGUHxKfoYlcp2JG3Mid_EcRN1o5HdmTsqcdXm2r3GbyayPddpgSfv9ZJneYZHTP7WVkwo/s640/IMG_7884.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Grand Teton National Park</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCIzucNnzYA-8b8STtTp8bL3-Ga2NyMzShSoYwC2vSZxFIhtQXl11sYE5YDldNA23aIVZ73JQX7hmVAKb6rJRyIaHIaIfhMrzLODg_CXBWUna18viDT-kH_Ziuw-H4eDpKjWvMHOQufoQ/s1600/IMG_7895.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCIzucNnzYA-8b8STtTp8bL3-Ga2NyMzShSoYwC2vSZxFIhtQXl11sYE5YDldNA23aIVZ73JQX7hmVAKb6rJRyIaHIaIfhMrzLODg_CXBWUna18viDT-kH_Ziuw-H4eDpKjWvMHOQufoQ/s640/IMG_7895.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Yellowstone River, Yellowstone National Park</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHk-RNm2EP77Uy0mC7d51TOr2E_jQVuAMoTahA2hPvTWf2_3_ohGbJkd2cDVIx0mvMbjAkKAm11i5waGvYKxZz_IEcfuOhNy9-0yFFIjsl7AQ50y5BL8a4Nm1NE8h8wx7_Jqda5PRu8aQ/s1600/IMG_7945.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHk-RNm2EP77Uy0mC7d51TOr2E_jQVuAMoTahA2hPvTWf2_3_ohGbJkd2cDVIx0mvMbjAkKAm11i5waGvYKxZz_IEcfuOhNy9-0yFFIjsl7AQ50y5BL8a4Nm1NE8h8wx7_Jqda5PRu8aQ/s640/IMG_7945.JPG" width="426" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Yellowstone National Park</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjonKxb1XW9f3DdPC-YpKrER4ZFYqeUWPtoyNOcfDP3UbSdJAxmjBRXQCvDlfg6oTgAL39FRdpfr-YTPE0Vf8n88OjSj0mGxgSaikbz7XS0ZxC1pNH8l2N5O5iadko9GkNo2kp9QiR6vjM/s1600/IMG_7981.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjonKxb1XW9f3DdPC-YpKrER4ZFYqeUWPtoyNOcfDP3UbSdJAxmjBRXQCvDlfg6oTgAL39FRdpfr-YTPE0Vf8n88OjSj0mGxgSaikbz7XS0ZxC1pNH8l2N5O5iadko9GkNo2kp9QiR6vjM/s640/IMG_7981.JPG" width="426" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Yellowstone National Park</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiujw-oL782z6FNfKXi7cf9CLgc2ZgA330Iu7zlR7-g3d2ln6l7O22Eltdy6ItRD9QbZrtRwB3cF4lh5McKhh69gg5p5gSCPhpdoxA7qsouPA2a31Hju99hOr72qLlAE-L99s4sW0OrPkk/s1600/IMG_8056.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiujw-oL782z6FNfKXi7cf9CLgc2ZgA330Iu7zlR7-g3d2ln6l7O22Eltdy6ItRD9QbZrtRwB3cF4lh5McKhh69gg5p5gSCPhpdoxA7qsouPA2a31Hju99hOr72qLlAE-L99s4sW0OrPkk/s640/IMG_8056.JPG" width="426" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Yellowstone</td></tr>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbqZXcO8tHIm82VelmtszQSBH7xQQI0NAvHZ5WpiD6npCfbV2VEUmErdcsTjNClElR_2Be_9ULDW3UEGosBqg4HmoJGKfIMm5Latnd9kYTfTWjRUOaZFdq8xxgctsNXvJ015WP-jo58nI/s1600/IMG_8078.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbqZXcO8tHIm82VelmtszQSBH7xQQI0NAvHZ5WpiD6npCfbV2VEUmErdcsTjNClElR_2Be_9ULDW3UEGosBqg4HmoJGKfIMm5Latnd9kYTfTWjRUOaZFdq8xxgctsNXvJ015WP-jo58nI/s640/IMG_8078.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Yellowstone National Park buffalo</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDrgNz7hTp3-vdkY1uKNkhhuaSYOFpYv7ef0lUOYflAtlcV8DhdS1v-t_qrOyjX2iDP-lwADT_NNdnfuLJclSnxvcKq_n0YyuyWeu3QtakYRirP4C3bZiqKpKlujvsTpNi33ZrCZevKyU/s1600/IMG_8212.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDrgNz7hTp3-vdkY1uKNkhhuaSYOFpYv7ef0lUOYflAtlcV8DhdS1v-t_qrOyjX2iDP-lwADT_NNdnfuLJclSnxvcKq_n0YyuyWeu3QtakYRirP4C3bZiqKpKlujvsTpNi33ZrCZevKyU/s640/IMG_8212.JPG" width="426" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Old Faithful, Yellowstone</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWSNGKKIyYFnQjZ-7hxdt5K8WwNPZmK8TULc6lrdxjTKQtnwG6MbVrmFPgUT0ZJ33H9B68Y7VJNc94gXFg1xIu-IXMHwaNQK9ge_wF-BNSSkB_9AMSPpQ37Phw_NvNGzjj5tn2OegIJ2I/s1600/IMG_6446.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWSNGKKIyYFnQjZ-7hxdt5K8WwNPZmK8TULc6lrdxjTKQtnwG6MbVrmFPgUT0ZJ33H9B68Y7VJNc94gXFg1xIu-IXMHwaNQK9ge_wF-BNSSkB_9AMSPpQ37Phw_NvNGzjj5tn2OegIJ2I/s640/IMG_6446.JPG" width="426" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Huerfano Butte, a volcano remnant in Colorado</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiat22fH6dd6bKC6iLQ9ohpYw0bHXliay6A1TteEUO_aXbi_3GVN_uduY7usPuxBkaNTPmR638oHOm3cVtitMR16Lyr35X5dmil1pQNUOdrM6zPrvefhyphenhyphen4O-ffOhaQGgO_BqkXkAhNCiS8/s1600/IMG_7481.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiat22fH6dd6bKC6iLQ9ohpYw0bHXliay6A1TteEUO_aXbi_3GVN_uduY7usPuxBkaNTPmR638oHOm3cVtitMR16Lyr35X5dmil1pQNUOdrM6zPrvefhyphenhyphen4O-ffOhaQGgO_BqkXkAhNCiS8/s640/IMG_7481.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Montpelier, home of President James Monroe</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhShkeqwf52cfPH4YQ-Ke7y7qZPFjK-V4WEhBIos72udvtv-zAXDWNGBk2nfFfYc-7Jysqz8oe3YKybCn87XDkelSRlAtOfPcdhyFCSzyIQpm2alLp8_JSNbBjaabcbqJhETRqO9-0dxzQ/s1600/IMG_9745.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhShkeqwf52cfPH4YQ-Ke7y7qZPFjK-V4WEhBIos72udvtv-zAXDWNGBk2nfFfYc-7Jysqz8oe3YKybCn87XDkelSRlAtOfPcdhyFCSzyIQpm2alLp8_JSNbBjaabcbqJhETRqO9-0dxzQ/s640/IMG_9745.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Texas Bluebonnets</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />Wesley Harrishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00409480903480788318noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1993634150463867996.post-22772985207463265662016-01-01T15:49:00.002-06:002016-01-01T15:49:25.254-06:00CARPETBAGGERS AND SCALAWAGS<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">A Vermont carpetbagger barely survives north Louisiana
resistance<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"> In the years
called Reconstruction after the Civil War, carpetbaggers and scalawags wrested
political control of Louisiana long held by Democrats. Northerners who moved to
the South to take advantage of the unstable social, financial, and political
climate to make their fortunes were mockingly called carpetbaggers since they
often arrived clutching soft-sided suitcases made of carpet. Allen Greene,
senator from Lincoln Parish, exemplified the scalawag since he was a local who
threw in with the Radical Republicans to achieve his personal political and
financial aspirations. Scalawags were considered traitors to the South and just
as bad, if not worse, than the carpetbaggers.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"> When white
Southerners referred to carpetbaggers, men like Marshall Twitchell of Vermont
came to mind.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"> Twitchell joined
the Union army at the start of the war and fought in major battles in Virginia.
Severely wounded at the battle of the Wilderness when a bullet entered his
skull, army surgeons left him for dead. After a miraculous recovery, Twitchell
served as an officer for a black regiment composed mostly of former slaves.
Unlike other carpetbaggers who journeyed south after the war, often to exploit
and loot the defeated Confederate states, Twitchell became an agent of the
Freedmen's Bureau. Stationed at Sparta in Bienville Parish, his duties entailed
assisting emancipated slaves in their transition to freedom. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"> Twitchell left
the Freeman’s Bureau in mid-1866 and married Adele Coleman, the daughter of a
prominent Bienville Parish planter. He acquired land on the east bank of Lake
Bistineau and down the Red River to Coushatta, where he established a veritable
Yankee colony of his Vermont relatives. Marrying into a leading local family
and serving as manager of the combined Coleman-Twitchell properties, the New
Englander established himself as a force to be reckoned with in business and
political affairs.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"> Republican rule
in Louisiana rested on the votes of recently freed slaves concentrated in the
bottomlands of the Red River and Mississippi River. With the support of newly
</span></div>
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">enfranchised black voters, Twitchell was elected from DeSoto Parish as a
Republican to the state senate in 1868. <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"> In 1871,
Twitchell and a DeSoto Parish ally sponsored bills to create Red River Parish
from portions of DeSoto, Bienville, Caddo, Bossier, and Natchitoches parishes.
The town of Coushatta, across the Red River from Twitchell’s Starlight
Plantation, became the parish seat. By placing the newly created parish firmly
in Radical Republican hands, Twitchell helped solidify control of Louisiana
state government, much like Allen Greene would do in 1873 with the creation of
Lincoln Parish. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"> Twitchell
appointed blacks to local government and placed his three brothers-in-law in
choice political posts. Initially, local white Democrats did not actively
protest Twitchell’s actions. The creation of Red River Parish coincided with the
first signs of economic recovery since the Civil War and the locals tolerated
Republican political control. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"> Conditions
changed by 1873, however, with a national financial panic and a local epidemic
of yellow fever. The disputed 1872 gubernatorial election amplified political
tensions in Louisiana, especially with no resolution for months. Both
Democratic and Republican candidates certified their own slates of local
officers, giving many parishes dual governments. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"> Established in
May 1874 from white militias, the White League formed first in the Red River
Valley and spread across Louisiana. The White League used violence against
officeholders, running some out of town and killing others, and suppressed
election turnout among black and white Republicans. The Twitchell family and
Republican office holders feared for their lives.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"> Twitchell left
Coushatta in midsummer 1874 for the state Republican convention in New Orleans.
In his absence, the White League, led by Coushatta businessman Thomas Abney,
seized control of the government in Natchitoches Parish and advanced to Red
River. On Saturday, August 29, the gang rounded up Twitchell's brother Homer,
brothers-in-law Clark Holland and Monroe Willis, Sheriff Frank Edgerton, and
two others. After hours of ruthless
interrogation and intimidation, the men resigned their posts and promised in
writing to leave the state and never return in return for a promise of safe
passage to Shreveport.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"> Abney chose an
escort of about 25 men, and mid-morning on Sunday, August 30, 1874, prisoners
and guards rode toward Shreveport. Minutes after the column crossed into the
parish line, guards at the rear of the group spotted the approach of 40 or 50
heavily armed riders. The gang overtook the procession, crying out to the
guards, “Clear the track,” or die with the prisoners. Red River Parish official
Robert Dewees, Homer Twitchell, and Sheriff Edgerton died in the first hail of
bullets. The lynch mob grabbed parish attorney William Howell, Willis, and
Holland and executed them. The Coushatta escort did nothing to prevent the
massacre of the six men. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"> In the meantime,
south of Coushatta, a black leader named Levin Allen was seized, tortured, and
murdered. Then, on Monday, the Coushatta White League conducted a mock trial of
two of the black prisoners confined in Abney’s store, Louis Johnson and Paul
Williams, accused of shooting a white man. Once the mob returned to Coushatta
from the massacre, Johnson and Williams were lynched. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"> Although four
black men perished in the Coushatta Massacre, the murder of the six white
officeholders grabbed newspaper headlines across the nation. Killing African
Americans in the South hardly gained notice but elimination of the officialdom
of a community was unprecedented. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"> The massacre
stunned Republicans throughout Louisiana. If the White League could eliminate
all the officials of a parish with impunity (no one was ever be brought to
justice), then Republican control consisted of a house of straw. The massacre
occurred two weeks before 5,000 White Leaguers crushed Republican forces in the
Battle of Liberty Place in New Orleans. Republican governance in the state
never recovered from these savage assaults.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"> Undeterred,
Twitchell returned to Coushatta despite threats his demise would be next. He
refused to be intimidated and continued to defend the political and economic
rights of blacks and poor whites. On May 2, 1876, Twitchell and his sole
0surviving brother-in-law, George King, were crossing the Red River by boat
when a disguised gunman opened fire with a rifle. King died instantly;
Twitchell survived six gunshots but both of his arms had to be amputated. He
left Coushatta on a stretcher in the summer of 1876, never to return.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1SEStXbMThZ-xAccHwLmTn09EOAhPzVOoi5Vy3jVrzeu2DjP3Po_fBLAi8DK333yVALS5kbnUe5_Ue7Yyehu5xwn6KMxeS3Hk5bjaT1VA22ibrKBfYYWmxF1ajbAdNR5oYuP7ReFpjMs/s1600/twitchell.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1SEStXbMThZ-xAccHwLmTn09EOAhPzVOoi5Vy3jVrzeu2DjP3Po_fBLAi8DK333yVALS5kbnUe5_Ue7Yyehu5xwn6KMxeS3Hk5bjaT1VA22ibrKBfYYWmxF1ajbAdNR5oYuP7ReFpjMs/s400/twitchell.jpg" width="267" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Twitchell with two wooden arms after the ambush.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"> The venture of
the Twitchell family to Louisiana, despite some early financial and political
success, ended in tragedy and heartache. Marshall Twitchell’s brother and three
brothers-in-law were murdered. Twitchell himself was maimed by a would-be
assassin’s bullets and his wife died of tuberculosis. His three sisters died
from yellow fever. Once the Vermonter left Louisiana, he lost all his land
holdings in Red River Parish.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"> In 1878,
President Rutherford B. Hayes appointed Twitchell as consul to Kingston,
Ontario, Canada where he served until his death in 1905. His life story was
published as Carpetbagger from Vermont in 1989.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"> Was Twitchell a
courageous man engaged in a righteous cause or an opportunistic entrepreneur
who took advantage of his position and power to amass a fortune? Quite
possibly, a bit of both.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXYFkXyh4fL-Ys6k5b7W-ymU89EhvMxA2xoxiIaGKjPWDmHvtYBus3pBbYrHNCjEa1PrBqa0KVuU9XWDNsMXLZ9kjMEddTQMtMnQHA4aCVVMAtC5dkJ6u5dOt1P6dzEiyAZH0Ruxm6KaE/s1600/twitchell+grave+marker.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXYFkXyh4fL-Ys6k5b7W-ymU89EhvMxA2xoxiIaGKjPWDmHvtYBus3pBbYrHNCjEa1PrBqa0KVuU9XWDNsMXLZ9kjMEddTQMtMnQHA4aCVVMAtC5dkJ6u5dOt1P6dzEiyAZH0Ruxm6KaE/s640/twitchell+grave+marker.jpg" width="450" /></a></div>
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Wesley Harrishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00409480903480788318noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1993634150463867996.post-74974985323590423722015-04-20T06:19:00.001-05:002016-01-01T15:53:57.540-06:00TICKED OFF ABOUT TICKS<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">How
the troublesome pest ignited violence against lawmen<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">
Lost in the recent national controversies over the use of force by law
enforcement are the sacrifices made by police officers in protecting their
communities. Men and women sacrifice their lives each year chasing bank robbers
and murderers but also while performing mundane tasks like checking on a stranded
motorist. In the early 1900s, a number of officers in the rural South died enforcing
a law many farmers viewed as federal government overreach. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">
From 1906 to the early 1940s, federal and state governments engaged in a
war against a cattle tick that caused a devastating fever. The law required farmers
to carry their cattle to community dipping vats where the animals were immersed
in a chemical solution to kill the ticks. Many stock owners resisted, claiming
transporting the cattle led to injuries, the chemicals sickened them, and the
time and effort of the process was an annoyance. Cattlemen expressed their
frustrations by refusing to dip, dynamiting dipping vats, burning the property of
pro-dippers and government employees, and hurling threats that eventually
escalated to assault or murder. Destruction of vats continued into the
mid-1930s, but eventually government dissemination of information on the
economic benefits of tick eradication led many skeptics to withdraw their
opposition to dipping. </span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-3fO-3W08JrKvItigZKRDkY4zVyOJkcEywb06k38VJKLTskA3BZf6R8_LosvxCws4kHwJpnUuX-9A2nNMkfCv2OGzLdND156JA1FD6QOhSNXY_sEwQDcdhPSsCGe0bPsBuyQLG2c2hFE/s1600/cattle+dipping+vat.jpe" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="408" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-3fO-3W08JrKvItigZKRDkY4zVyOJkcEywb06k38VJKLTskA3BZf6R8_LosvxCws4kHwJpnUuX-9A2nNMkfCv2OGzLdND156JA1FD6QOhSNXY_sEwQDcdhPSsCGe0bPsBuyQLG2c2hFE/s640/cattle+dipping+vat.jpe" width="640" /></a></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">
In the remote rural South, from the piney woods of south Georgia to
Louisiana, resistance to mandatory treatment of cattle was strong and at times violent.
Farmers </span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">who raised cattle largely for their own use rather than shipment out of
quarantined tick-infested areas viewed the mandates as unnecessary involvement
of federal, state, or local officials in their lives. In Louisiana, the dispute reached deadly
proportions on April 21, 1936, when 43-year old Grant Parish Sheriff Wyatt
Luther Nugent and Deputy Delmer Lee Brunson were murdered. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">
Nugent had served two terms as sheriff of Grant Parish and had been re-elected
just days before in the general election. Brunson had worked as a deputy under
Nugent for eight years. Nugent, former clerk of court for the parish, was beginning
his ninth year as sheriff.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">
Claiming dipping sickened cattle, 41-year old Walter Johnson and his
father refused to permit their stock to be dipped. On the morning of April 21, Sheriff
Nugent served an order from the Eighth District Court commanding the younger
Johnson to show cause why he should not be kept from interfering with officers.
That afternoon, Nugent and Brunson accompanied federal range riders to
Johnson’s property in the Aloha community to load the cattle for transport to
the dipping vat. From a hidden position in the woods, Walter Johnson opened
fire on the range riders. Brunson and Nugent attempted to capture Johnson by
circling behind him. Hearing a series of gunshots, the range riders hid nearby
for an hour before advancing with caution into the woods to discover the
lawmen’s bodies. Walter Johnson had escaped. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.odmp.org/media/image/officer/10030/10030.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><img border="0" src="http://www.odmp.org/media/image/officer/10030/10030.jpg" height="320" width="256" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Sheriff Nugent</span></td></tr>
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After completing autopsies, Dr. J. H. Sandifer, Grant Parish coroner,
announced the two lawmen were killed with a shotgun. Nugent suffered a shot to
the head and Deputy Brunson died from three shotgun blasts.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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A massive manhunt ensued with Sheriff U. T. Downs of Rapides Parish,
Sheriff Bryant Sholars of Winn, and Sheriff Henderson Jordan of Bienville
heading posses of local citizens scouring the area. Two Aprils earlier, Jordan teamed
with other lawmen to kill Clyde Barrow and Bonnie Parker. The officers located
a truck belonging to Johnson on a country road about one-half mile from the
scene of the shooting. The manhunt progressed slowly for the numerous state
police troopers and sheriffs engaged in the search since Johnson had fled into
a nearly impenetrable swamp around Lake Iatt north of Colfax. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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The suspect’s 84-year old father Sam Johnson was arrested as a material
witness and spirited away from Colfax to an undisclosed jail in another parish,
largely to protect him from retaliation.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.odmp.org/media/image/officer/2406/2406.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><img border="0" src="http://www.odmp.org/media/image/officer/2406/2406.jpg" height="320" width="256" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Deputy Brunson</span></td></tr>
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Bloodhounds from the state penitentiary at Angola arrived the next day
but heavy rains during the night had obliterated Johnson's trail. General Louis
F. Guerre, head of the state police, hurried to the scene to direct the
manhunt. Later in the day Johnson was captured in the swamp. Officers detained
him a jail outside Grant Parish also—away from the enraged locals who already
had lynch fever.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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On April 23, the Colfax Baptist Church held a double funeral for Sheriff
Nugent and Deputy Brunson. Sheriffs of
the neighboring parishes served as pall bearers, including Downs and Sholars, Sheriff
Bill Payne of Natchitoches Parish and Sheriff Floyd Jones of Red River. Nugent
was interred at Liberty Chapel Cemetery north of Dry Prong and Brunson was laid
to rest in nearby Bethel Cemetery. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Nugent left behind a wife and ten children ranging in age from three to
21. Brunson was also married and the father of three children. Lydia Nugent was
appointed to succeed her husband as sheriff, a common courtesy in Louisiana to
maintain the income of a family of a deceased office holder.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Walter Johnson was convicted of two counts of murder and sentenced to
life in prison.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Wesley Harrishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00409480903480788318noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1993634150463867996.post-10141257112784354742015-03-06T10:26:00.001-06:002015-03-06T10:26:51.056-06:00TRAVELING AMERICA<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">So much to see and do across America, I will never get to it all and probably you won't either. Here's a few spots I've visited in recent years.</span><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgALgc2kSBFSKcBfLzQHmR5qOYU9e9d-hg-k22wSHK_tOCHb81n1HV8E9f2XueMQ6SfdwLmhd0V7pLaJ2sjfTG7FDsXVjKn5OALI6g7vNCCRddnfFQt5LzqxNV0sd6dSGuLOrNL2zZ5c0/s1600/IMG_6472.CR2" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgALgc2kSBFSKcBfLzQHmR5qOYU9e9d-hg-k22wSHK_tOCHb81n1HV8E9f2XueMQ6SfdwLmhd0V7pLaJ2sjfTG7FDsXVjKn5OALI6g7vNCCRddnfFQt5LzqxNV0sd6dSGuLOrNL2zZ5c0/s1600/IMG_6472.CR2" height="400" width="266" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Stations of the Cross Shine, San Luis, Colorado</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEapi0QLkptUbTH5W9iw0l3vyvxdc3hL8l4xP0vvNXzTQl6TrNQ9Rp5vnfBpweyY30k3cXEyabHzD6IZK_rPxfON1BusCXUKeE7_RdaTgEAQBsD1iiz5uehaFOax25gVQelqHLYvozl18/s1600/IMG_6541.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEapi0QLkptUbTH5W9iw0l3vyvxdc3hL8l4xP0vvNXzTQl6TrNQ9Rp5vnfBpweyY30k3cXEyabHzD6IZK_rPxfON1BusCXUKeE7_RdaTgEAQBsD1iiz5uehaFOax25gVQelqHLYvozl18/s1600/IMG_6541.JPG" height="213" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Great Sand Dunes. The way to see California, Utah, and Nevada <br />(at least their dust) while standing in Colorado.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCIKEL_DDymkuGYmfQXcaopazgcvTTT6Rys0q5k7qAm2Su3z3V3H_yeRAzbicydfyqtU0TPUR1cn4jsjClQl_boh-lmvUf41TsX8roUT4RrPe9b153vQO2lzZINgqITKu44NAwTHalbjQ/s1600/IMG_6553.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCIKEL_DDymkuGYmfQXcaopazgcvTTT6Rys0q5k7qAm2Su3z3V3H_yeRAzbicydfyqtU0TPUR1cn4jsjClQl_boh-lmvUf41TsX8roUT4RrPe9b153vQO2lzZINgqITKu44NAwTHalbjQ/s1600/IMG_6553.JPG" height="320" width="213" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Waterfall in Sangre de Cristo Mountains, Colorado. The waterfall<br />is actually around the bend in the center. Water too cold to reach it!</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3dyb40BE8LGrrv2vWTeQIi5apFqUrxrMud2jDlTeVB9lqOF9H4Xyw6LGyhKUaBGv0Ku78K-zjL08XtMPVD6gzWQ2j7zGlSEaHm4_PLfX7hkOWpZBpfu9VvHJyX32Ip89IEHK5cPZdaEI/s1600/IMG_7046.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3dyb40BE8LGrrv2vWTeQIi5apFqUrxrMud2jDlTeVB9lqOF9H4Xyw6LGyhKUaBGv0Ku78K-zjL08XtMPVD6gzWQ2j7zGlSEaHm4_PLfX7hkOWpZBpfu9VvHJyX32Ip89IEHK5cPZdaEI/s1600/IMG_7046.JPG" height="320" width="213" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Guard tower, Camp Concordia, Kansas. One of the few structures<br />remaining at this former World War II prisoner of war camp.</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhx-MMYVma8VudABWhQ0j6AnZubwcVAh49X6mwmxogtpqnIcRGTx8PUDB2lnf35L0r2FTvoQg8XXoiTNSdBsb5PO7O9hDKfwWIKpTc1icd9X2mOhS8T9y9nUk-8Dqon22YyII8tEKu5xnU/s1600/IMG_7177.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhx-MMYVma8VudABWhQ0j6AnZubwcVAh49X6mwmxogtpqnIcRGTx8PUDB2lnf35L0r2FTvoQg8XXoiTNSdBsb5PO7O9hDKfwWIKpTc1icd9X2mOhS8T9y9nUk-8Dqon22YyII8tEKu5xnU/s1600/IMG_7177.JPG" height="213" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Chimney Rock, western Nebraska. One of the landmarks used<br />by wagon trains headed to Oregon and other points west.</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTV19DTsmT5T5mEk58JT3JlCzNl4-DknPcEvgJ8F_7CvuGJ-T9wyCqqPLjhq3oUIBroMVNm7OlFlVP1yOBkPuLz3Gh1XuS4qnt0cz1S9A0aYYuuKS3-2iuI-AsRsHEoKUYzGyxvFqHTkc/s1600/IMG_1444.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTV19DTsmT5T5mEk58JT3JlCzNl4-DknPcEvgJ8F_7CvuGJ-T9wyCqqPLjhq3oUIBroMVNm7OlFlVP1yOBkPuLz3Gh1XuS4qnt0cz1S9A0aYYuuKS3-2iuI-AsRsHEoKUYzGyxvFqHTkc/s1600/IMG_1444.JPG" height="239" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">One of the many dioramas of 1930s industry and agriculture at the<br /> Louisiana State Exhibit Museum, Shreveport, LA.</td></tr>
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Wesley Harrishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00409480903480788318noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1993634150463867996.post-44199506851018106262015-03-06T10:03:00.004-06:002015-03-06T10:05:17.216-06:00A TRAIN ROBBIN' BUNCH<div class="MsoNormal">
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";"> Eugene Bunch wasn’t just a train
robber. He was “jovial, jolly and gay –
a typical bandit, who thought his profession of road agent a brave and proper
one,” according to the railroad detectives who chased after him. He reportedly tipped his hat to female train
passengers and declined to take their handbags. He was equally courteous to his
male victims but did relieve them of their wallets. Express agents noted he never raised his
voice when he threatened to blow their heads off if they didn’t open their
safes. His take from a host of robberies was estimated in the hundreds of
thousands of dollars.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";"> For five years, from 1887 to 1892, Bunch
stayed a jump ahead of a bevy of railroad detectives as he robbed trains in
Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Georgia, and Florida. His home
in Washington Parish near the Pearl River provided plenty of remote hiding
spots if the law got too close.</span></div>
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<o:p></o:p><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqLpMjgEFwK1A9aqvAla7TzwTWh-O1wVGXUbISabwBbMUcRzunOXDGanuG3mwAaNU26IWXC5J5SwJYLVHyJB_4a3tE95uBniYudVN1IfvxSGWn32h0SgcGvrze_WqbqpO7bDLqytGmV7c/s1600/EUGENE+BUNCH.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqLpMjgEFwK1A9aqvAla7TzwTWh-O1wVGXUbISabwBbMUcRzunOXDGanuG3mwAaNU26IWXC5J5SwJYLVHyJB_4a3tE95uBniYudVN1IfvxSGWn32h0SgcGvrze_WqbqpO7bDLqytGmV7c/s1600/EUGENE+BUNCH.jpg" height="320" width="212" /></a><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";"> Eugene F. Bunch was born in Mississippi in
1843 to well-respected parents. The family moved to Tangipahoa Parish in his
youth and ensured he received a good education. During the Civil War, he
enlisted in the 3rd Louisiana Cavalry and apparently served well in the
campaigns around Baton Rouge and Port Hudson, although he developed serious
drinking and gambling habits. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";"> At the close of the war Bunch returned to
Tangipahoa Parish and opened a school at Amite. He married a Louisiana girl,
Flavia Flynn, in 1869. School teaching
didn’t agree with him—probably because of his excessive drinking—so Bunch
loaded up his pregnant wife and moved to Gainesville, Texas in 1874.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";"> Bunch taught school briefly in Gainesville
before being elected to three consecutive two-year terms as the Cooke County clerk. He apparently used his position as an insider
</span></div>
<a name='more'></a>to discover buying opportunities and operated a profitable land speculation
business. Grumbling among the populace over this conflict of interest deterred
Bunch from seeking a fourth term.<o:p></o:p><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";"> After leaving his government job, Bunch’s
difficulties with alcohol and gambling returned. With financial problems and a strained
marriage, he left the family in Gainesville and moved to Wichita Falls where he
briefly worked as a real estate agent and edited a newspaper. He abandoned his
family in 1886, never to see them again, and started a new career as a train
robber.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";"> His string of robberies across the South
rivaled those of the James-Younger gang in the Midwest. His gang was rather small and included a “Colonel
Hopgood” who was wanted for murder in Mississippi. Sometimes Bunch boarded and robbed trains
singlehandedly.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";"> Railroad detectives chased after Bunch for
years. After robberies, he would return to the Pearl River area separating
Louisiana and Mississippi. The remote area along the state line was the perfect
hiding place with is swamps teeming with alligators and cottonmouths.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";"> But eventually the Detectives Thomas
Jackson and C.O. Summers tracked Bunch down near his home. Jackson had been responsible
for capturing the Rube Burrow gang, the other notorious train robber of the
South. Newspapers across America gave a graphic account of the August 21, 1892
confrontation:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";"> “Eugene Bunch, the noted train bandit, who
in the past five years has held up many trains in Texas, Louisiana,
Mississippi, and Florida was riddled with bullets and instantly killed
yesterday morning near Franklinton a small town in Washington parish, Louisiana
by Detective Jackson, the tireless pursuer and destroyer of the Rube Burrow
gang. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";"> “About two weeks ago Detective Sterling,
who had wormed himself into the good graces of the Bunch gang became suspected
by them and was ambushed and killed. Since then Detective Jackson has been hot
on their trail. Such information was obtained from two of the gang captured
last week that Bunch and his chief henchman, Colonel Hopgood, were located and
yesterday morning upon obtaining a sight of them, the entire posse opened fire
on Bunch, riddling his body with bullets. Bunch died game, firing back two or
three times, but without effect.
Probably from his injuries, Hopgood surrendered without a struggle.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";"> “Bunch’s remains were fully identified and
there is no doubt that one of the most desperate and successful train robbers
known is now no more.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
Wesley Harrishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00409480903480788318noreply@blogger.com1